2018年8月4日 星期六
2018年7月29日 星期日
澳洲回收公司用廢輪胎轉製鋼、柴油
文章轉載自: https://e-info.org.tw/node/114435
摘譯自2016年3月31日ENS西澳，伯斯報導；姜唯編譯；蔡麗伶審校
澳洲一家回收公司運用獲愛迪生獎肯定的創新技術，宣佈於今年開始全世界第一個工程用輪胎（off the road，OTR）回收業務，用廢棄的工業用輪胎生產鋼、柴油和碳，品質高，可再進入市場銷售，真正做到資源再利用。
這家Tytec Recycling公司的董事長芬奈爾（Brett Fennell）表示，輪胎回收不易，特別是採礦或農用的OTR輪胎回收，在過去幾乎不可能。
大多數輪胎回收方法有多達六個步驟——移除輪圈、切碎輪胎，接著磨碎輪胎。最後一步是用磁力吸出剩下的鋼料，出售磨成粉的橡膠，用於運動場地、兒童遊戲區或馬術場地表面；而要從舊輪胎萃取出油和碳，則另外需要熱解反應器。
這樣的輪胎回收過程相當耗時耗能，而且很昂貴。輪胎越大越貴，越需要維護，每個步驟也越困難。
目前，廢棄的OTR輪胎只能埋在礦場或堆在環保署許可的礦場周圍區域。
但現在，Tytec Recycling運用澳洲綠色乾餾科技公司（Green Distillation Technologies Corporation，GDTC）的獨家破壞性乾餾技術，可把廢棄的OTR輪胎變成可銷售的鋼、柴油和碳。這項技術可把廢輪胎中高達85%的未使用能量轉換成碳和油的形式，不須預先處理，而且沒有碳排放。唯一產生的廢物流是熱能。
輪胎回收過程產生的所有產品都可被再利用。油如果不當作化石燃料或精煉成烴，可以作為熱源，和化石燃料混合產生炭黑。碳可以作為熱源或農業添加物，鋼則可進入廢鋼市場。
這個技術也為GDTC奪得2015年的「愛迪生資源管理或再生資源獎」。Tytec Recycling持有全球唯一的OTR與農用輪胎破壞性乾餾法技術執照。
芬奈爾說，「我們已經研究如何有效率地回收OTR輪胎九年。分解輪胎的方式有許多種，但是沒有一種能有效率地分解OTR輪胎。」
「破壞性乾餾法能讓一步回收整個OTR輪胎。我們的持續加熱技術能源效率非常高，而且碳排極低。我們的反應器溫度和壓力都低得多，系統作業員的安全也比較有保障，同時減少設備耗損。」他說。
World First: Tire Recycling Yields Steel, Diesel, Carbon
World First: Tire Recycling Yields Steel, Diesel, Carbon
Tytec Recycling, a new company based in Perth, announced Wednesday that it would open the world’s first environmentally-friendly off the road tire recycling operation this year.
The facility will employ a new Edison Award-winning technology to make high-quality marketable steel, diesel oil and carbon out of the old earthmoving tires used in mining and agriculture.
“We’re currently on track to begin OTR recycling in June 2016 and will open our purpose-built recycling center in Perth in January 2017, then Queensland soon after,” says Brett Fennell, Tytec Recycling’s chairman.
Currently, used off the road, OTR, tires are buried under mining dumps or stacked in EPA-approved areas around mine sites.
Tire recycling has always been difficult, and for mining and agriculture’s cast off tires it has been “nearly impossible,” Fennell said.
Now, using Edison Award-winning technology from the Green Distillation Technologies Corporation, GDTC, Tytec Recycling will convert these outworn tires into steel, diesel oil and carbon.
Based in Melbourne, Green Distillation Technologies Corporation has developed a proprietary destructive distillation technology capable of recycling end-of-life tires of all varieties into saleable commodities of carbon, oil and steel.
GDTC recovers up to 85 percent of the unused energy in an end-of-life tire in the form of carbon and oil without pre-processing and is completely emission free. The only waste stream is heat.
All products from the tire recycling process can be used. The oil can be used as a heat source, blended with fossil fuels, used to make carbon black, instead of fossil fuels or further refined into other usable hydrocarbon products. The carbon can be used as a heat source or an agricultural additive, the steel goes into the scrap steel market.
For this technology, GDTC received a 2015 Edison Award in the Resource Management or Renewable Resources category.
The Tytec team has been unfailingly persistent. “We’ve been working on a way to efficiently recycle OTR tires for the past nine years,” says Brett Fennell, Tytec Recycling’s chairman.
“There are plenty of ways to break down tires but none of them are effective for OTR tires,” he explains.
Most tire recycling requires up to six steps – removing the steel beading from tires, cutting the tires into small pieces, then shredding or grinding the tire cuttings.
The final step is to perform magnetic sorting to remove any remaining steel for sales of crumb rubber, often used on athletic surfaces, playgrounds and equestrian footings.
To extract oil and carbon from the old tires, an additional process using pyrolysis reactors is required.
The current recycling process is time-consuming, energy intensive and expensive. The larger the tire, the more costly, maintenance intensive and difficult each step becomes.
“The Destructive Distillation process that Tytec uses allows a whole OTR tire to be recycled in a single step,” says Fennell.
“We’re using continuous heating technology that’s incredibly energy efficient and results in extremely low emissions. Our reactors operate at a much lower temperature and pressure, providing the added advantage of being safer for system operators and reducing the wear and tear on the plant,” he explains.
Tytec Recycling holds the only global technology license for the Destructive Distillation process for OTR and agricultural tires.
2018年7月28日 星期六
古巴用舊輪呔種植,這辨法可否在戈壁模仿(仿效)?
北方戈壁沙漠風沙吹得勁, 種下的小苗一晚便給埋了. 舊輪呔橫豎沒用, 也多得很, 不妨放在戈壁沙漠作擋風欄柵. 古巴行, 咱們也行.
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古巴圖文資料來源: http://www.rthk.hk/tv/dtt31/programme/exploringtheedibleplanet2/episode/513195 (有片)
古巴頻密下雨, 用大輪呔墊高來預防洪水沖走農作物.
The basic components from which tires are constructed include
pigments, chemicals, more than 30 different kinds of rubber, cord
fabrics and bead wire.
Manufacturing Process:
The process of building tires begins with the mixing of basic rubbers with process oils, carbon black, pigments, antioxidants, accelerators and other additives. Tires are formed on machines and heated at over 300 degrees Fahrenheit for 12 to 25 minutes.
Petroleum Products Used:
Petroleum products account for approximately 22 percent of the
materials used in the average tire. This equates to between 5 and 10
gallons of petroleum products, usually crude oil, natural gas or other
hydrocarbons. Source: https://thegrownetwork.com/are-old-tires-or-treated-wood-safe-in-gardening
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A scientist at Plant and Food Research says toxic chemicals can leach out of the rubber.
Brent Clothier, a production scientist at Plant and Food Research, responded:
I wouldn't recommend growing food in unlined car tyres.
They are typically made of (relative weights) natural rubber (100); zinc oxide (3) and stearic acid (5) as activators; carbon black (50) as reinforcer; process oil (5) as self-adhesion; antioxidant (1); accelerator (0.5); and sulphur (2.5) as vulcanising agent.
Also during their original use they pick up, on the outside, hydrocarbons from the road surface and emissions from cars. Lining would be prudent, if not essential.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has no worries about tyres being used for containing vegetable gardens, but tyre mulch or ash is a definite no-no as the zinc is more readily leached out and can make the soil toxic.
One study of the soil under a 10-year-old tyre dump in the UK showed elevated soil cadmium, lead and zinc concentrations, and these decrease exponentially with distance away from the pile.
Where large numbers of tyres have been burnt, nothing grows.
We have raised gardens at home made out of treated timber, and I made plastic linings to separate the wood from the soil inside.
In most treated timber it's the CCA (copper, chromium & arsenic) that leaches out. Arsenic is the most mobile.
A 2011 study (Environ Health Perspective, 2011 Jul 1; 119(7): 989–996) showed that of standard new plastic items a large percentage leached traces of chemicals having detectable estrogen activity. A few parts per billion may be detrimental to young mammals.
Send questions to Ask-A-Scientist, email questions@ask-a-scientist.net Source: https://www.stuff.co.nz/science/76438466/ask-a-scientist-can-i-grow-vegetables-in-old-tyres
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Source: 科威特的沙塵暴 www.rthk.hk/tv/dtt31/programme/sciencewithyou/episode/513365
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102y8ve.html
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古巴圖文資料來源: http://www.rthk.hk/tv/dtt31/programme/exploringtheedibleplanet2/episode/513195 (有片)
古巴頻密下雨, 用大輪呔墊高來預防洪水沖走農作物.
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Manufacturing Process:
The process of building tires begins with the mixing of basic rubbers with process oils, carbon black, pigments, antioxidants, accelerators and other additives. Tires are formed on machines and heated at over 300 degrees Fahrenheit for 12 to 25 minutes.
Petroleum Products Used:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A scientist at Plant and Food Research says toxic chemicals can leach out of the rubber.
I wouldn't recommend growing food in unlined car tyres.
They are typically made of (relative weights) natural rubber (100); zinc oxide (3) and stearic acid (5) as activators; carbon black (50) as reinforcer; process oil (5) as self-adhesion; antioxidant (1); accelerator (0.5); and sulphur (2.5) as vulcanising agent.
Also during their original use they pick up, on the outside, hydrocarbons from the road surface and emissions from cars. Lining would be prudent, if not essential.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has no worries about tyres being used for containing vegetable gardens, but tyre mulch or ash is a definite no-no as the zinc is more readily leached out and can make the soil toxic.
One study of the soil under a 10-year-old tyre dump in the UK showed elevated soil cadmium, lead and zinc concentrations, and these decrease exponentially with distance away from the pile.
Where large numbers of tyres have been burnt, nothing grows.
We have raised gardens at home made out of treated timber, and I made plastic linings to separate the wood from the soil inside.
In most treated timber it's the CCA (copper, chromium & arsenic) that leaches out. Arsenic is the most mobile.
A 2011 study (Environ Health Perspective, 2011 Jul 1; 119(7): 989–996) showed that of standard new plastic items a large percentage leached traces of chemicals having detectable estrogen activity. A few parts per billion may be detrimental to young mammals.
Send questions to Ask-A-Scientist, email questions@ask-a-scientist.net Source: https://www.stuff.co.nz/science/76438466/ask-a-scientist-can-i-grow-vegetables-in-old-tyres
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Source: 科威特的沙塵暴 www.rthk.hk/tv/dtt31/programme/sciencewithyou/episode/513365
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102y8ve.html
西班牙沙漠太陽能照亮歐洲
博主猜測: 西班牙人口4,642萬, 佔地50萬平方公里, 有冠軍電池 Grabat Energy https://www.grabat.es/en
現時一般地區太陽能已能與火電同價, 在西班牙則可能比火電更低, 已經能夠給歐洲帶來能源獨立, 或者要告別撒哈拉太陽能了. 歐洲各國的人喜歡南下在西班牙買渡假屋, 用西班牙電和電池也就是可接受的了.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy_in_the_European_Union#/media/File:SolarGIS-Solar-map-Europe-en.png
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圖文轉載自: http://en.rfi.fr/europe/20180728-france-portugal-spain-build-undersea-power-line
(L-R) French President Emmanuel Macron, Portuguese Prime Minister Antonio Costa and Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez at the Energy Interconnections Summit in Lisbon on July 27, 2018. PATRICIA DE MELO MOREIRA / AFP
The three countries agreed Friday to build a power
line in the Bay of Biscay (紅點)with the aim of integrating electricity links
between the Iberian Peninsula and Europe.
After a meeting in Lisbon,
leaders from the three countries announced a deal to finance
construction of a power line nearly 300 kilometres long in the Bay of
Biscay linking south-west France to northern Spain.
The European Commission said in a Friday statement that it will invest 578 million euros in the power line, “the largest ever awarded to an energy infrastructure project” by the EU.
The statement adds that the power line “will double by 2025 the exchange capacity between France and Spain”.
Portuguese Prime Minister Antonio Costa called the Bay of Biscay line "a very important step” at a joint press conference with French President Emmanuel Macron and Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez on Friday.
The Iberian countries hope the power line will allow their domestic energy companies to have a larger share in the EU electricity market. Just six percent of Spain’s electricity is currently interconnected with the EU, according to the European Commission, which has set a target of 15 percent for the coming years.
Renewable energy boost
Leaders from the three countries said the Lisbon deal also aims to increase renewable energy production and lower carbon emissions.
Portugal is one of the EU’s “leading countries in renewables”, according to the European Commission, with “more than half of electricity consumption” supplied by sources like hydro and wind since 2014. The country has also seen cases of “renewable power production surpassing total electricity consumption”.
The deal is part of the EU’s broader energy transition, according to Macron, who reiterated on Friday that France aims to close its coal plants by 2022.
Natural gas and EU energy sovereignty
In addition to the two natural gas pipelines linking the Iberian Peninsula to France through the Pyrenees mountain range, Madrid and Lisbon would like to be build another pipeline in Catalonia, the semi-autonomous region in Spain's northeast.
However, Reuters has reported that a study commissioned by the EU found the proposed pipeline in Catalonia would not be economically viable due to the projected high costs – three billion euros in total.
For France, the project’s budget is cause for concern. But Macron said he was open to developing natural gas and potentially building more pipelines, if “gas consumption in Europe remains significant”.
Building more pipelines in Europe would further the EU’s goal of increasing its energy independence.
According to the European Commission, the bloc imports 69 percent of its natural gas. In 2017, 37 percent was imported from Russia, and nearly 20 percent from Algeria and Qatar.
延伸閱讀: 西班牙的太陽能產業 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Spain
西班牙東南部本納斯沙漠 (280 平方公里):
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernas_Desert
The European Commission said in a Friday statement that it will invest 578 million euros in the power line, “the largest ever awarded to an energy infrastructure project” by the EU.
The statement adds that the power line “will double by 2025 the exchange capacity between France and Spain”.
Portuguese Prime Minister Antonio Costa called the Bay of Biscay line "a very important step” at a joint press conference with French President Emmanuel Macron and Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez on Friday.
The Iberian countries hope the power line will allow their domestic energy companies to have a larger share in the EU electricity market. Just six percent of Spain’s electricity is currently interconnected with the EU, according to the European Commission, which has set a target of 15 percent for the coming years.
Renewable energy boost
Leaders from the three countries said the Lisbon deal also aims to increase renewable energy production and lower carbon emissions.
Portugal is one of the EU’s “leading countries in renewables”, according to the European Commission, with “more than half of electricity consumption” supplied by sources like hydro and wind since 2014. The country has also seen cases of “renewable power production surpassing total electricity consumption”.
The deal is part of the EU’s broader energy transition, according to Macron, who reiterated on Friday that France aims to close its coal plants by 2022.
Natural gas and EU energy sovereignty
In addition to the two natural gas pipelines linking the Iberian Peninsula to France through the Pyrenees mountain range, Madrid and Lisbon would like to be build another pipeline in Catalonia, the semi-autonomous region in Spain's northeast.
However, Reuters has reported that a study commissioned by the EU found the proposed pipeline in Catalonia would not be economically viable due to the projected high costs – three billion euros in total.
For France, the project’s budget is cause for concern. But Macron said he was open to developing natural gas and potentially building more pipelines, if “gas consumption in Europe remains significant”.
Building more pipelines in Europe would further the EU’s goal of increasing its energy independence.
According to the European Commission, the bloc imports 69 percent of its natural gas. In 2017, 37 percent was imported from Russia, and nearly 20 percent from Algeria and Qatar.
延伸閱讀: 西班牙的太陽能產業 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Spain
西班牙東南部本納斯沙漠 (280 平方公里):
https://kknews.cc/zh-hk/travel/lzrlzz2.html
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由於資產貶值、營運衰退、財務支出增加，西班牙能源及工程大廠Abengoa去(2016)年大虧76億6,200萬歐元，較2015年財損多出6倍，於股東會宣布將出售其美國子公司AtlanticaYield、汽電共生廠A3T、燃氣複合循環發電廠Norte III及在墨西哥之Zapotillo水道以支付公司重整衍生之新債務。未來亦計畫出售其在墨西哥之複合循環發電廠A4T、西班牙Trajo醫院、迦納及印度清奈之海水淡化廠、南非太陽能電廠Khi及Xina Solar One、阿爾及利亞之太陽能－燃氣複合電廠Hassi R'Mel及海水淡化廠。轉載自: https://www.greentrade.org.tw/zh-hant/purchasing_info/西班牙能源大廠abengoa將出售美國及墨西哥資產-0
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| European Commission - Press release |
European solidarity on Energy: Better integration of the Iberian Peninsula into the EU energy market
Brussels, 27 July 2018
In the presence of the European Commission, the Prime Minister of Portugal António Costa, the President of France Emmanuel Macron, and the President of the government of Spain Pedro Sanchez will meet in Lisbon today to strengthen their regional cooperation in the framework of the Energy Union.
Leaders will take stock of the important progress achieved in better integrating the Iberian Peninsula into the internal energy market and will formally agree on ways to strengthen the regional cooperation between Spain, France and Portugal.
European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker said: "Today's event shows the value of European solidarity and regional unity. By agreeing on steps forward to complete the energy interconnections between France, Portugal and Spain and ways to enhance our regional cooperation, we are strengthening the security of energy supply across Europe, and delivering on our promise to make Europe number one on clean energy and renewables. The world looks to us for leadership in these turbulent times. Let's show just how much unity can achieve.”
Commissioner Miguel Arias Cañete said: "This summit will showcase the commitment of the Juncker Commission to get the hardware of the Energy Union built on the ground and make a difference. A solid and resilient energy infrastructure is also essential to encourage regional action in new areas, such as renewables and energy efficiency. This will help us deliver on our Paris Agreement commitments. I am particularly pleased by the signing of a grant agreement for the power line crossing the Bay of Biscay, the largest investment in energy infrastructure under Connecting Europe Facility ever awarded. It is good for Spain and Portugal, good for France, and good for Europe”.
Commissioner for Climate Action and Energy Miguel Arias Cañete will be present on behalf of the Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker. The Vice-President of the European Investment Bank Emma Navarro will also attend the meeting.
Since the Juncker Commission took office, the integration of the Iberian Peninsula into the internal energy market has been a priority. By supporting the construction of the necessary infrastructure, the EU's goal is to end the energy isolation of this part of Europe, whilst improving energy security, giving consumers more choice, and spurring economic growth and jobs. These interconnections are also essential for renewable energy sources to thrive and make Europe world number one in renewable energy.
Underlining the EU's willingness to complete the Energy Union and fulfil its commitments under the Paris agreement, the leaders will sign the Lisbon Declaration that clearly sets out the way forward. It builds on the Madrid Declaration from March 2015 which launched the integration process and set up a High Level Group chaired by the Commission to steer progress. A grant agreement for the power line crossing the Bay of Biscay totalling €578 million, will also be signed at the occasion. It will be the largest Connecting Europe Facility investment ever awarded to an energy infrastructure project. With 280 kilometres of electricity interconnection, the link will double by 2025 the exchange capacity between France and Spain and bring Spain closer to the 15% interconnection target contained in the new regulation on the governance of the Energy Union.
Background
The lack of sufficient interconnection capacity remains an obstacle for the creation of an electricity market in South-West Europe and has prevented Iberian energy companies from fully participating in the EU electricity market. With an interconnection capacity of only 6,000 MW, Spain and with it, Portugal remains largely an energy island that does not participate fully in the European electricity market. This interconnection capacity also puts them behind the 15% interconnection target contained in the recently adopted regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union. Since the Juncker Commission took office, energy interconnections between the Iberian Peninsula and the EU internal market have been boosted considerably.
Examples of progress:
In addition to the financing opportunities provided to infrastructure projects of common interest (PCIs) under the energy window of the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) and the European Structural and Investment Funds, the European Fund for Strategic Investment (EFSI) (the so-called “Juncker Plan”) supports key interconnection projects, therefore accelerating and complementing the current structure of European financial assistance. The proposals for the next EU budget for 2021-2027 include a new energy window under the Connecting Europe Facility, with a budget close to 1 billion euro (€865 million), to nurture Member States cooperation on cross-border renewables projects.
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新华社里斯本７月２８日电（记者 章亚东 张柯）葡萄牙、西班牙和法国２７日在葡萄牙首都里斯本举行的第二届能源互联峰会上正式签署了三国能源互联协议。
根据协议，西葡两国同欧洲的能源互联水平到２０２０年达到１０％，２０３０年达到１５％。此外，欧盟委员会将投资５．７亿欧元在西班牙以北的比斯开湾建造一个用于连接西班牙、葡萄牙和法国的电力互联项目。
早在２０１５年初，三国政府就签署了一揽子能源合作计划。分析人士认为，相关计划将加快欧盟内部的能源联网进程，使欧盟能源需求逐步减少对外部地区的依赖。欧盟计划在２０２０年达到其１０％的电力和天然气供应实现联网。
葡萄牙总理科斯塔、西班牙首相桑切斯和法国总统马克龙在会后举行了联合新闻发布会。马克龙表示，最晚到２０２２年，法国将关闭所有煤电厂。
科斯塔说，葡萄牙计划到２０２０年使清洁能源占比超过６０％，葡萄牙在逐步减少煤电行业投入的同时寻求清洁能源出口。他表示，在能源互联网上的投资对获取更便宜、清洁和安全的能源至关重要。
桑切斯也表示，向清洁能源转型是西班牙的目标，西班牙将在保障国家安全的前提下进一步降低能源成本。Source: http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-07/28/c_1123190631.htm
European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker said: "Today's event shows the value of European solidarity and regional unity. By agreeing on steps forward to complete the energy interconnections between France, Portugal and Spain and ways to enhance our regional cooperation, we are strengthening the security of energy supply across Europe, and delivering on our promise to make Europe number one on clean energy and renewables. The world looks to us for leadership in these turbulent times. Let's show just how much unity can achieve.”
Commissioner Miguel Arias Cañete said: "This summit will showcase the commitment of the Juncker Commission to get the hardware of the Energy Union built on the ground and make a difference. A solid and resilient energy infrastructure is also essential to encourage regional action in new areas, such as renewables and energy efficiency. This will help us deliver on our Paris Agreement commitments. I am particularly pleased by the signing of a grant agreement for the power line crossing the Bay of Biscay, the largest investment in energy infrastructure under Connecting Europe Facility ever awarded. It is good for Spain and Portugal, good for France, and good for Europe”.
Commissioner for Climate Action and Energy Miguel Arias Cañete will be present on behalf of the Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker. The Vice-President of the European Investment Bank Emma Navarro will also attend the meeting.
Since the Juncker Commission took office, the integration of the Iberian Peninsula into the internal energy market has been a priority. By supporting the construction of the necessary infrastructure, the EU's goal is to end the energy isolation of this part of Europe, whilst improving energy security, giving consumers more choice, and spurring economic growth and jobs. These interconnections are also essential for renewable energy sources to thrive and make Europe world number one in renewable energy.
Underlining the EU's willingness to complete the Energy Union and fulfil its commitments under the Paris agreement, the leaders will sign the Lisbon Declaration that clearly sets out the way forward. It builds on the Madrid Declaration from March 2015 which launched the integration process and set up a High Level Group chaired by the Commission to steer progress. A grant agreement for the power line crossing the Bay of Biscay totalling €578 million, will also be signed at the occasion. It will be the largest Connecting Europe Facility investment ever awarded to an energy infrastructure project. With 280 kilometres of electricity interconnection, the link will double by 2025 the exchange capacity between France and Spain and bring Spain closer to the 15% interconnection target contained in the new regulation on the governance of the Energy Union.
Background
The lack of sufficient interconnection capacity remains an obstacle for the creation of an electricity market in South-West Europe and has prevented Iberian energy companies from fully participating in the EU electricity market. With an interconnection capacity of only 6,000 MW, Spain and with it, Portugal remains largely an energy island that does not participate fully in the European electricity market. This interconnection capacity also puts them behind the 15% interconnection target contained in the recently adopted regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union. Since the Juncker Commission took office, energy interconnections between the Iberian Peninsula and the EU internal market have been boosted considerably.
Examples of progress:
- Biscay Bay line: with 280 kilometres of electricity interconnection, it will double by 2025 the exchange capacity between France and Spain, bring Spain closer to the 10% interconnection target set by the European Council (from the current level of 6%) and will integrate the whole Iberian Peninsula into the internal electricity market. At Lisbon, it was awarded €578 million in Connecting Europe Facility-Energy grants, the largest ever awarded to an energy infrastructure project.
- Santa-Llogaia-Baixas/INELFE project: the completion in June 2017 of the phase-shifter transformer in Arkale, Spain, enabled the full utilisation of the Santa-Llogaia-Baixas interconnection between Spain and France, doubling the electricity interconnection capacity between both countries. These investments co-financed by the European Commission made it possible for Spain to help France and show solidarity during periods of supply-demand stress during the winter of 2017.
- Interconnection project between Spain and Portugal (Ponte Lima – Vila Nova Famalicão - Recarei (PT) and Beariz - Fontefría (ES)): it will allow Portugal to attain the 10% level of interconnections by increasing the current interconnection capacity level to 3.2 GW. The commissioning date of the project is planned by 2021.
- Pyrenean crossings: two projects to increase the electricity interconnection capacity between Spain and France across the Pyrenees are under consideration. A first link concerns Cantegrit in France and Navarra in Spain, and the other one Marsillon in France and Aragón in Spain.
- Val de Saône gas pipeline: it will contribute to Spanish and Portuguese access to the European Gas Market when completed by end 2018.
- STEP project: aims at increasing the bidirectional flows between the Iberian Peninsula and France and improve the interconnection with the internal gas market through the development of the Eastern gas axis, including a third interconnection point between Spain and Portugal.
In addition to the financing opportunities provided to infrastructure projects of common interest (PCIs) under the energy window of the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) and the European Structural and Investment Funds, the European Fund for Strategic Investment (EFSI) (the so-called “Juncker Plan”) supports key interconnection projects, therefore accelerating and complementing the current structure of European financial assistance. The proposals for the next EU budget for 2021-2027 include a new energy window under the Connecting Europe Facility, with a budget close to 1 billion euro (€865 million), to nurture Member States cooperation on cross-border renewables projects.
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新华社里斯本７月２８日电（记者 章亚东 张柯）葡萄牙、西班牙和法国２７日在葡萄牙首都里斯本举行的第二届能源互联峰会上正式签署了三国能源互联协议。
根据协议，西葡两国同欧洲的能源互联水平到２０２０年达到１０％，２０３０年达到１５％。此外，欧盟委员会将投资５．７亿欧元在西班牙以北的比斯开湾建造一个用于连接西班牙、葡萄牙和法国的电力互联项目。
早在２０１５年初，三国政府就签署了一揽子能源合作计划。分析人士认为，相关计划将加快欧盟内部的能源联网进程，使欧盟能源需求逐步减少对外部地区的依赖。欧盟计划在２０２０年达到其１０％的电力和天然气供应实现联网。
葡萄牙总理科斯塔、西班牙首相桑切斯和法国总统马克龙在会后举行了联合新闻发布会。马克龙表示，最晚到２０２２年，法国将关闭所有煤电厂。
科斯塔说，葡萄牙计划到２０２０年使清洁能源占比超过６０％，葡萄牙在逐步减少煤电行业投入的同时寻求清洁能源出口。他表示，在能源互联网上的投资对获取更便宜、清洁和安全的能源至关重要。
桑切斯也表示，向清洁能源转型是西班牙的目标，西班牙将在保障国家安全的前提下进一步降低能源成本。Source: http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-07/28/c_1123190631.htm
氣候轉變之下的北非各國
地中海之南有埃及(9,345萬人, 人均國內生產總值（購買力平價）12,137美元, （人均國內生產總值(國際匯率）3,709美元),阿爾及利亞(3,710萬人, 14,949美元, 4,129美元),摩洛哥(3,254萬人, 8,612 美元, 3,151美元), 利比亞( 617萬 人, 14,348美元, 6,157美元), 突尼斯(5百萬人, 11,651美元, 3,919美元),種族上他們都是阿拉伯和柏柏爾人的後裔. 大部份時間都是猶太教,羅馬天主教, 遜尼派穆斯林共同相處 (數字來源:維基百科).
歷史上撒哈拉沙漠(多於80%為石漠hamada)曾有一大湖和各種草原動物. 但時至今日地中海之東部和南部均為沙漠, 加上近日氣候變遷,少雨乾燥, 大面積沙漠化把內陸居民, 農牧民廹遷至地中海南岸一帶, 造成糧食, 肉類主要靠入口, 一旦國際糧食價格攀昇, 便導致政治不穩, 歷史稱為麵飽革命, 類似過去發展中國家農作失收, 大面積饑荒引致的農民革命帶來改朝換代的結果. 延伸閱讀: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_riots_in_the_Middle_East
以富國利比亞作例子, 的黎波里的小麥靠從歐洲進口, 肉類來自阿聯猶,蔬菜來自突尼西亞, 但利比亞出口高質素石油, 足夠進口所有生活必需. 阿爾及利亞的麵粉從法國進口, 僑匯每年也有數十億(官方渠道), 上百億歐元(官方渠道加旅客帶進).
埃及每四人便有一人須吃進口麵粉製作的麵飽, 每年需進口麵粉一千萬噸, 是最大的麵粉進口國, 雖然埃及人是最早開始種植小麥的, 這顯示出尼羅河已不敷應用. 尼羅河的淡水寧願沖出大海也不賣給以色列, 也未嘗使用技術將河水喝亁吃盡. 天天驕陽似火的結果是各種金屬設備都需要躲避太陽的直接暴曬.
富國利比亞嚮往西方中產階級自由化生活而革命, 其他一般群體估計為麵飽而革命. 德國原來有計劃在撒哈拉沙漠投資 4,000億美元用太陽熱能供電歐洲, 有鑒當地政治不穩, 計劃從此劃上句號. 太陽熱設備可以借助特殊儲熱體(廉價化學鹽)在晚間發電, 40公里乘40公里面積大的集光镜所產電能足以满足整個德國的需求。延伸閱讀 https://www.dw.com/zh/撒哈拉沙漠电能之梦/a-3407517?&zhongwen=simp
現時太陽能多晶硅的電價已趨向於與火電同價, 西班牙更是低於火電價格. 西班牙的冠軍電池Grabat Energy https://www.grabat.es/en 已投入國際電動車市場. 荷蘭烏德勒支 Utrecht LomboXnet.nl 已嘗試用智慧電網解 決太陽能供電 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102y2nb.html . 撒哈拉沙漠供電歐洲的設想已落後於政治形勢. 從西班牙沙漠鋪幾萬平方公里(或更多, 10萬平方公里)的多晶硅即可供電全歐洲的想法趨向於成熟. 延伸閱讀: 西班牙沙漠太陽能照亮歐洲 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102y5wf.html
Al Gore 在其The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change, 2013一書中, 有提及非洲 800 個湖乾涸而地中海以北國家用子彈驅趕氣候難民船隻的事實. 非洲的撒哈拉沙漠國家從此得用自己的辦法解決氣候轉變之下大面積乾旱問題. 在上世紀殖民地時代, 歐洲的地理學者已有大量文獻有關解決北非撒哈拉沙漠國家乾旱的辦法, 就是用地中海的水去淹沒北非的低地, 每個北非國家都有成千上萬平方公里的低地.
Source: https://geology.com/below-sea-level
有關具體實施辦法的討論可參考此處博文 突尼斯龐大的沙漠太陽能熱發電供電歐洲 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102xho1.html
中國已量產每平方公尺100元的鈣鈦礦太陽能電池 參考: 可印刷的太阳能电池 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102xw4y.html
撒哈拉沙漠國家若能以廉價鈣鈦礦太陽能為開發利器, 加上低地抽水蓄能(24小時)設施(運作可參考 突尼斯龐大的沙漠太陽能熱發電供電歐洲 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102xho1.html ), 嘗試用低價重新打造供電歐洲的藍圖, 一方面利已利人, 另方面解決氣候轉變下的難民問題(沙進人退), 相信歐洲亦會積極響應. 西班牙用了撒哈拉便宜電去綠化沙漠所得利潤會更大. 未來15年地中海東南各國對水的需求將增加4倍, 其中原因之一是現時年輕人口(有高達一半比例, 如阿爾及利亞, 沙特更有70%人口在30歲以下)15年後成家立業, 大大增加對水的需求.
參考: The Mediterranean is not a sea. It is a world, surrounded by deserts, made of high mountains bordered by narrow plains and estuaries. And in the middle of these lands, is the "Mediterranean". This part of the world has been the cradle of a human civilization that today has a global influence. A geographical, natural and human fresco 在鋪上灰泥的牆壁及天花板上繪的畫 of the Mediterranean; to understand how the natural environment has shaped civilizations. Source: http://programme.tvb.com/info/mediterraneanaseaforall
運作機制: 設有低地數千平方公里, 用水力發電站24小時輸入地中海水. 天一亮即啟動數百(或更多)平方公里之光伏(或鈣鈦礦太陽能)陣列(位於較少沙暴之石漠), 將水全數泵上蒸發湖, 嘗試提煉各種鹽的化學產品. 最後將濃鹽水循管道(長可達上千公里)排入大西洋或紅海. 附設有海水淡化温室似澳大利亞 Sundrop Farms http://www.sundropfarms.com . 埃及的例子如下:
延伸閱讀: 揭秘马斯克清洁能源计划：用太阳能满足能源需求 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102xhnz.html
思考題: 從西班牙(下圖)到以色列都有不少海水淡化廠, 它們是不是將濃鹽水就地排放? 地中海水質有無受到影響?
Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Location-of-the-Largest-SWRO-Desalination-Plants-in-Spain_fig17_305442742
歷史上撒哈拉沙漠(多於80%為石漠hamada)曾有一大湖和各種草原動物. 但時至今日地中海之東部和南部均為沙漠, 加上近日氣候變遷,少雨乾燥, 大面積沙漠化把內陸居民, 農牧民廹遷至地中海南岸一帶, 造成糧食, 肉類主要靠入口, 一旦國際糧食價格攀昇, 便導致政治不穩, 歷史稱為麵飽革命, 類似過去發展中國家農作失收, 大面積饑荒引致的農民革命帶來改朝換代的結果. 延伸閱讀: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_riots_in_the_Middle_East
以富國利比亞作例子, 的黎波里的小麥靠從歐洲進口, 肉類來自阿聯猶,蔬菜來自突尼西亞, 但利比亞出口高質素石油, 足夠進口所有生活必需. 阿爾及利亞的麵粉從法國進口, 僑匯每年也有數十億(官方渠道), 上百億歐元(官方渠道加旅客帶進).
埃及每四人便有一人須吃進口麵粉製作的麵飽, 每年需進口麵粉一千萬噸, 是最大的麵粉進口國, 雖然埃及人是最早開始種植小麥的, 這顯示出尼羅河已不敷應用. 尼羅河的淡水寧願沖出大海也不賣給以色列, 也未嘗使用技術將河水喝亁吃盡. 天天驕陽似火的結果是各種金屬設備都需要躲避太陽的直接暴曬.
富國利比亞嚮往西方中產階級自由化生活而革命, 其他一般群體估計為麵飽而革命. 德國原來有計劃在撒哈拉沙漠投資 4,000億美元用太陽熱能供電歐洲, 有鑒當地政治不穩, 計劃從此劃上句號. 太陽熱設備可以借助特殊儲熱體(廉價化學鹽)在晚間發電, 40公里乘40公里面積大的集光镜所產電能足以满足整個德國的需求。延伸閱讀 https://www.dw.com/zh/撒哈拉沙漠电能之梦/a-3407517?&zhongwen=simp
現時太陽能多晶硅的電價已趨向於與火電同價, 西班牙更是低於火電價格. 西班牙的冠軍電池Grabat Energy https://www.grabat.es/en 已投入國際電動車市場. 荷蘭烏德勒支 Utrecht LomboXnet.nl 已嘗試用智慧電網解 決太陽能供電 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102y2nb.html . 撒哈拉沙漠供電歐洲的設想已落後於政治形勢. 從西班牙沙漠鋪幾萬平方公里(或更多, 10萬平方公里)的多晶硅即可供電全歐洲的想法趨向於成熟. 延伸閱讀: 西班牙沙漠太陽能照亮歐洲 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102y5wf.html
Al Gore 在其The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change, 2013一書中, 有提及非洲 800 個湖乾涸而地中海以北國家用子彈驅趕氣候難民船隻的事實. 非洲的撒哈拉沙漠國家從此得用自己的辦法解決氣候轉變之下大面積乾旱問題. 在上世紀殖民地時代, 歐洲的地理學者已有大量文獻有關解決北非撒哈拉沙漠國家乾旱的辦法, 就是用地中海的水去淹沒北非的低地, 每個北非國家都有成千上萬平方公里的低地.
Country
|
Below Sea Level Location
|
Elevation
|
| Israel | Dead Sea shoreline |
408 meters below sea level
|
| Jordan | Dead Sea shoreline |
408 meters below sea level
|
| Syria | unnamed location near Lake Tiberias |
200 meters below sea level
|
| Djibouti | Lac Assal shoreline |
155 meters below sea level
|
| China | Turpan Pendi |
154 meters below sea level
|
| Egypt | Qattara Depression |
133 meters below sea level
|
| Kazakhstan | Vpadina Kaundy |
132 meters below sea level
|
| Ethiopia | Denakil Depression |
125 meters below sea level
|
| Argentina | Laguna del Carbon |
105 meters below sea level
|
| United States | Death Valley |
86 meters below sea level
|
| Eritrea | near Kulul within the Denakil Depression |
75 meters below sea level
|
| Morocco | Sebkha Tah |
55 meters below sea level
|
| Western Sahara | Sebjet Tah |
55 meters below sea level
|
| Libya | Sabkhat Ghuzayyil |
47 meters below sea level
|
| Dominican Republic | Lago Enriquillo |
46 meters below sea level
|
| Algeria | Chott Melrhir |
40 meters below sea level
|
| Azerbaijan | Caspian Sea shoreline |
28 meters below sea level
|
| Iran | Caspian Sea shoreline |
28 meters below sea level
|
| Russia | Caspian Sea shoreline |
28 meters below sea level
|
| Tunisia | Shatt al Gharsah |
17 meters below sea level
|
| Australia | Lake Eyre |
15 meters below sea level
|
| Uzbekistan | Sariqarnish Kuli |
12 meters below sea level
|
| Mexico | Laguna Salada |
10 meters below sea level
|
| Denmark | Lammefjord |
7 meters below sea level
|
| Netherlands | Zuidplaspolder |
7 meters below sea level
|
| Mauritania | Sebkhet Te-n-Dghamcha |
5 meters below sea level
|
| Japan | Hachiro-gata |
4 meters below sea level
|
| United Kingdom | The Fens |
4 meters below sea level
|
| Germany | Neuendorf bei Wilster |
3.54 meters below sea level
|
| Sweden | reclaimed bay of Lake Hammarsjon, near Kristianstad |
2.41 meters below sea level
|
| France | Rhone River delta |
2 meters below sea level
|
| Poland | near Raczki Elblaskie |
2 meters below sea level
|
| Suriname | unnamed location in the coastal plain |
2 meters below sea level
|
* The elevations listed are approximate. For many of these
depressions the lowest point is the shoreline of a lake where water
levels rise and fall in elevation in response to rainfall, evaporation,
use of water by humans and many other factors. CIA Factbook.
|
Source: https://geology.com/below-sea-level有關具體實施辦法的討論可參考此處博文 突尼斯龐大的沙漠太陽能熱發電供電歐洲 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102xho1.html
中國已量產每平方公尺100元的鈣鈦礦太陽能電池 參考: 可印刷的太阳能电池 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102xw4y.html
撒哈拉沙漠國家若能以廉價鈣鈦礦太陽能為開發利器, 加上低地抽水蓄能(24小時)設施(運作可參考 突尼斯龐大的沙漠太陽能熱發電供電歐洲 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102xho1.html ), 嘗試用低價重新打造供電歐洲的藍圖, 一方面利已利人, 另方面解決氣候轉變下的難民問題(沙進人退), 相信歐洲亦會積極響應. 西班牙用了撒哈拉便宜電去綠化沙漠所得利潤會更大. 未來15年地中海東南各國對水的需求將增加4倍, 其中原因之一是現時年輕人口(有高達一半比例, 如阿爾及利亞, 沙特更有70%人口在30歲以下)15年後成家立業, 大大增加對水的需求.
參考: The Mediterranean is not a sea. It is a world, surrounded by deserts, made of high mountains bordered by narrow plains and estuaries. And in the middle of these lands, is the "Mediterranean". This part of the world has been the cradle of a human civilization that today has a global influence. A geographical, natural and human fresco 在鋪上灰泥的牆壁及天花板上繪的畫 of the Mediterranean; to understand how the natural environment has shaped civilizations. Source: http://programme.tvb.com/info/mediterraneanaseaforall
運作機制: 設有低地數千平方公里, 用水力發電站24小時輸入地中海水. 天一亮即啟動數百(或更多)平方公里之光伏(或鈣鈦礦太陽能)陣列(位於較少沙暴之石漠), 將水全數泵上蒸發湖, 嘗試提煉各種鹽的化學產品. 最後將濃鹽水循管道(長可達上千公里)排入大西洋或紅海. 附設有海水淡化温室似澳大利亞 Sundrop Farms http://www.sundropfarms.com . 埃及的例子如下:
延伸閱讀: 揭秘马斯克清洁能源计划：用太阳能满足能源需求 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102xhnz.html
中国承建阿尔及利亚首个大规模光伏电站http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102y7jh.html
Source: http://www.greenreport.it/news/acqua/le-polemiche-sul-dissalatore-allelba-documento-sulla-dissalazione-del-festival-dellacqua-2017
2018年7月22日 星期日
日本人不食芫荽(Coriander, 香菜,芫茜)?
日本人難以忍受道地的中國料理, 其中的原因就是那帶有獨特香氣與辛辣味的香菜. 就連我自己, 由於己習慣日本化的中國料理, 在中國也有過面對加滿香菜的上海料理不知如何是好, 只得回旅館吃飯糰的痛苦經驗. 114頁, 宮崎正勝<<你不可不知的世界飲食史>>,
元朝時期, 居於權力階級的蒙古食文化成為主流, 比起豬肉料理, 羊肉料理在當時的中國社會更是得寵. 為了消除不利於食的羊肉腥味, 中國人遂使用香菜消除異味, 直至改朝換代, 羊肉的流行褪去後, 香菜卻依然保留了下來. 不過氣味濃烈的香菜, 對偏好清淡風味的日本人來說恐怕是難以消受的, 因而在日本並未能普及 116 頁, 宮崎正勝<<你不可不知的世界飲食史>>,
蒙古帝國的生馬肉化身漢堡飽再度征服世界的食文化
馬肉是一種含有高蛋白質, 低脂肪, 豐富維生素的肉類,由於無寄生蟲, 其實適合生食. 不過, 猶太教的聖經<<舊約聖書>>禁食馬肉, 所以基督教, 伊斯蘭圈幾乎都不食馬肉. 因此蒙古人生食馬肉的風俗, 在他們的眼中遂成了奇異 117頁,宮崎正勝<<你不可不知的世界飲食史>>, 台北縣新店市: 遠足文化事業股份有限公司, 2013
蒙古的枷鎖 Tataro-Mongol Yoke 是指西元 十三世紀至十五世紀在蒙古人掌控下的俄國, 他們也食用生肉的韃靼肉排. 他們將熟成dry-aged的生馬肉剁碎後, 混上蔬菜, 香草, 辛香料, 橄欖, 甜洋蔥, 蛋, 調味料, 然後夾上黑麵飽, 從此韃靼肉排搖身一變, 完全顛覆蒙古人在草原大啖生肉的印象. 至今, 匈牙利或德國仍食用韃靼肉排. 俄國的韃靼肉排流傳至德國北部最大的港都漢堡 Hamburg, 又變成了放在鐵板上烤的漢堡肉排. 由於並無食生肉的習慣, 再加上德國漢堡市擁有製造醃肉腸的悠久傳統, 遂發展出獨特的烤韃靼肉排吃法. 混入德國食文化的背景之後, 韃靼肉排又有了大變身. 烤過的韃靼肉排, 在西元 1850 年代隨著德國移民移植到了新興國家美國. 不過在德國並無漢堡肉排這個料理名, 由此可推測應是移民以德國最大都市之名而命名. 以漢堡肉排為主要內餡的三明治就是漢堡飽. 以漢堡肉排搭配上牛油, 乳酪, 洋蔥, 生菜, 黄芥末,蕃茄醬再夾上麵飽的簡單食物,在西元 1904 年的聖路易萬國博覽會, 成為三十秒以內即可享用得到的簡便食品商品. 自此, 漢堡變成了代表美國的食品. 第二次世界大戰後高速道路網的拓展開通,其得以用手拿著一邊開車一邊享用的便利性, 更令漢堡迅速蔓延全美. 自西元 1971 年左右麥當勞在日本的銀座開設分店以來, 與可口可樂聯手合作的麥當勞利用全球化的進展, 在世界各地形成分店網, 漢堡飽已儼然成為世界性的商品. 換言之, 建立起蒙古帝國的生馬肉, 如今又化身漢堡飽再度征服世界的食文化. 英國料理中也有使用牛肉的韃靼肉排 119頁
蒙古的枷鎖 Tataro-Mongol Yoke 是指西元 十三世紀至十五世紀在蒙古人掌控下的俄國, 他們也食用生肉的韃靼肉排. 他們將熟成dry-aged的生馬肉剁碎後, 混上蔬菜, 香草, 辛香料, 橄欖, 甜洋蔥, 蛋, 調味料, 然後夾上黑麵飽, 從此韃靼肉排搖身一變, 完全顛覆蒙古人在草原大啖生肉的印象. 至今, 匈牙利或德國仍食用韃靼肉排. 俄國的韃靼肉排流傳至德國北部最大的港都漢堡 Hamburg, 又變成了放在鐵板上烤的漢堡肉排. 由於並無食生肉的習慣, 再加上德國漢堡市擁有製造醃肉腸的悠久傳統, 遂發展出獨特的烤韃靼肉排吃法. 混入德國食文化的背景之後, 韃靼肉排又有了大變身. 烤過的韃靼肉排, 在西元 1850 年代隨著德國移民移植到了新興國家美國. 不過在德國並無漢堡肉排這個料理名, 由此可推測應是移民以德國最大都市之名而命名. 以漢堡肉排為主要內餡的三明治就是漢堡飽. 以漢堡肉排搭配上牛油, 乳酪, 洋蔥, 生菜, 黄芥末,蕃茄醬再夾上麵飽的簡單食物,在西元 1904 年的聖路易萬國博覽會, 成為三十秒以內即可享用得到的簡便食品商品. 自此, 漢堡變成了代表美國的食品. 第二次世界大戰後高速道路網的拓展開通,其得以用手拿著一邊開車一邊享用的便利性, 更令漢堡迅速蔓延全美. 自西元 1971 年左右麥當勞在日本的銀座開設分店以來, 與可口可樂聯手合作的麥當勞利用全球化的進展, 在世界各地形成分店網, 漢堡飽已儼然成為世界性的商品. 換言之, 建立起蒙古帝國的生馬肉, 如今又化身漢堡飽再度征服世界的食文化. 英國料理中也有使用牛肉的韃靼肉排 119頁
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