2017-09-15 网易科技 轉載自: http://www.china5e.com/news/news-1002710-1.html
据Inverse报道，特斯拉电动汽车公司不仅仅制造电动汽车，现在也开始生产太阳能屋顶。该公司首席执行官伊隆-马斯克(Elon Musk)在不久前的全国州长协会会议上提醒30多位州长，要确保太阳能满足美国能源需求，基础设施占地面积“非常小”。他说：“如果你想用太阳能电池板 为整个美国供电，那么它只会占据内华达州、德克萨斯州或犹他州很小的角落，只需要160公里×160公里的太阳能电池板就能给整个美国供电，你需要储存电 能的电池则要占地1.6公里×1.60公里。所以在美国地图上，它只是个小正方形。”
1.太阳能屋顶+电网级太阳能发电站
马斯克认为，美国的太阳能未来将是屋顶太阳能(在郊区房子顶部安装太阳能电池板)与其他地区可以满足需求的电网级太阳能电池相结合。最近，特斯拉证 实，它将建造巨大的太阳能电池来帮助南澳大利亚解决电力供应短缺的问题。马斯克很可能希望看到特斯拉的电网级储电设备Powerpack投入使用，这款设 备由太阳能电池板阵列和数十块汽车大小的电池组成。
马斯克曾解释说：“我们需要将电网级太阳能和屋顶太阳能结合起来，同时结合风能发电、地热发电以及水力发电，可能还需要一些核能，才能过渡到可持续发展的环境。”
3.建立基础设施和本地化电网
局部电网(如屋顶上的太阳能电池板)很重要，因为它可减少基础设施需求，例如大型输电线路。马斯克说：“人们不喜欢通过他们邻居的输电线，我也同意 这个观点。从物理学的角度来看，屋顶太阳能和电网级太阳能将是一个不错的解决方案。我真的能看到实现这个目标的其他方法。”为什么太阳能比其他发电方式有 更多优势?马斯克表示，自从人类出现以来，就始终依赖太阳生存，现在也是如此。
马斯克表示:“今天的地球几乎完全是由太阳能驱动的，因为太阳是唯一能让我们远离宇宙背景辐射温度的物体，它比绝对零度高出3度。如果没有太阳的 话，地球就会变成一个冰冷、黑暗的冰球。从太阳照射到地球的能量是巨大的，占地球所有能量总量的99%。毕竟，太阳是个巨大的能量球，不管怎么说，人们都 在谈论核聚变，但太阳是天空中一个巨大的核聚变反应堆。它真的很可靠，每天都会出现。如果没有出现，意味着我们就会遇到更大的问题。”
使用太阳能意味着要停用化石燃料
马斯克解释了电动汽车与燃油汽车竞争时面临的“大挑战”：从本质上说，它可以归结为这样一个事实：汽油车辆污染在字面上有巨大影响，此外化石燃料的 价格也至关重要。马斯克表示:“化石燃料的成本存在着外部因素影响，这种影响在改变大气和海洋化学成分的过程中产生更严重的危害。但是由于它不受汽油价格 影响，所以也没有驱动正确的行为。这就像扔垃圾是免费的，不会受到任何惩罚，你可以按自己的意愿去做。街道上很快到处都是垃圾。我们还监管很多其他的事 情，比如硫排放和一氧化二氮排放，在这些方面做得很好。
令人感到惊讶的是，马斯克说他确实对大型石油公司感到遗憾，因为在100多年前这些公司成立之时，几乎没有迹象表明他们的标志会在几代人之后被视为 邪恶的象征。马斯克说：“他们非常努力地创建了这些公司，并觉得自己受到了道德上的攻击。我们不能立即改变现状，这是事实。不过，这些家伙也会非常努力地 减缓这种变化，而这正是我认为他们在道德上存在缺陷的主因。”
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Tesla CEO Elon Musk — whose company makes electric cars and has a new solar roof panel division
— reminded more than 30 state governors at the National Governors
Association meeting this weekend exactly how much real-estate is needed
to make sure America can run totally on solar energy.
“If
you wanted to power the entire United States with solar panels, it
would take a fairly small corner of Nevada or Texas or Utah; you only
need about 100 miles by 100 miles of solar panels to power the entire
United States,” Musk said during his keynote conversation on Saturday at
the event in Rhode Island. “The batteries you need to store the energy,
so you have 24/7 power, is 1 mile by 1 mile. One square-mile.”
It’s
“a little square on the U.S. map, and then there’s a little pixel 像素 inside there, and that’s the size of the battery park that you need to
support that. Real tiny.”
Musk laid out his vision for renewable energy that
relies on capturing power from the sun via solar panels — Musk would
probably prefer the solar panels are made by Tesla — to fill the enormous demand for energy in the areas of transportation, electricity, and heating.
Currently, about 10 percent of energy in the U.S. is renewable.
1. Combine Rooftop Solar Panels and Utility-Sized Solar Plants
Musk
sees the solar future for America as a combination of rooftop solar —
the panels on a house in the suburbs — and utility-scale solar that can
make up needs in other areas. Recently, Tesla confirmed it would build a
massive solar-powered battery to help power-starved South Australia.
Musk
would likely want to see the Tesla Powerpack — its utility-scale
product that uses fields of solar panels and dozens of car-sized
batteries — used.
2. Use Other Power Sources During the Transition
“We’ll
need to be a combination of utility-scale solar and rooftop solar,
combined with wind, geothermal, hydro, probably some nuclear for a
while, in order to transition to a sustainable situation,” Musk
explained on Saturday.
3. Build Infrastructure and Localize Power
Localized power — aka (abbreviation for also known as) solar panels on a roof — is important because it reduces infrastructure, like big power lines.
“People do not like transmission lines going through their neighborhood. They really don’t like that, and I agree,” Musk said.
“Rooftop
solar, utility solar; that’s really going to be a solution from the
physics standpoint,” he said. “I can really see another way to really do
it.”
Why solar energy over other methods of
power generation? Musk says humans have been relying on the sun for as
long as there have been humans, basically. It’s worked up to now.
The sun powers all this anyway.
“The
Earth is almost entirely solar-powered today, in the sense that the sun
is the only thing that keeps us from being at the temperature of cosmic
background radiation, which is 3 degrees above absolute-zero,” he said.
“If it wasn’t for the sun, we’d be a frozen, dark ice ball. The amount
of energy that reaches us from the sun is tremendous. It’s the 99
percent-plus of all energy that Earth has.”
After all, the sun’s a mind-bogglingly big energy ball, anyway: “People talk about fusion
and all that, but the sun is a giant fusion reactor in the sky. It’s
really reliable. It comes up every day. If it doesn’t, we’ve got bigger
problems.”
Going on Solar Means Going Off Fossil Fuels
South
Dakota Governor Dennis Daugaard asked why exactly Musk thinks electric
cars have a future in the face of very low gasoline prices. (Musk
envisions Tesla’s vehicles running off power captured by solar panels
that recharge a car’s battery. It all goes back to the sun for him.)
After saying “there’s no question whatsoever that all transport — with the ironic exception of rockets
— will go fully electric,” Musk explained the “big challenge” for
electric cars competing with gasoline-powered vehicles: Essentially, it
boils down to the fact that pollution from gasoline-powered vehicles has
a huge impact on literally everything, except, crucially, the price of
gas.
“There’s an unpriced externality in the
cost of fossil fuels,” Musk said. “The unpriced externality is the
probability-weighted harm of changing the chemical constituency of the
atmosphere and oceans. Since it is not captured in the price of
gasoline, it does not drive the right behavior. It’d be like if tossing
out garbage was just free, and there was no penalty, and you could do it
as much as you want. The streets would be full of garbage. We’ve
regulated a lot of other things, like sulfur emissions and nitrous oxide
emissions; it’s done a lot of good on that front.”
Surprisingly, Musk said he does feel some pity for
big oil, in that when those companies were founded more than 100 years
ago, there was very little indication that their logos would be seen as
villainous a few generations later.
“They worked
really hard to create those companies,” Musk said. “They feel like they
are being attacked on moral grounds. And it is true that we cannot
instantaneously change to a sustainable situation.”
He
added one caveat 警告 預告,, though: “But then those guys will also fight pretty
hard to slow down the change, and that’s really what I think is morally
wrong.”
