The Plastic Mosaic You Can See From Space: Spain's Greenhouse Complex

The world's largest plastic greenhouse complex–known as Mar de Plástico–covers more than 185 square miles near Almeria in Spain’s southeast. Photographer Bernhard Lang shot these sprawling scenes as part of his “Aerial Views” project

ByTom Hall 2015年2月21日

Source: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-02-20/the-mosaic-you-can-see-from-space-spain-s-massive-greenhouse-complex

Mar de Plástico has been an area of intensive crop production since the 1960s. Exports of fruits and vegetables in 2012 amounted to 1.9 billion euros with 359 companies exporting from the complex. Almost 30 percent of Mar de Plastico's production is exported to Germany, followed by France; the rest is sold in Spain itself.

Photographer: Bernhard Lang

The first plastic greenhouse was built here in 1963, and to kick-start the development, Spain's Instituto Nacional de Colonización drilled deep wells and installed pumps to supply water to the fields and distributed land plots to so-called colonizers in the early 1960s. This started intensive farming in the area.

Photographer: Bernhard Lang

Since 2010, Munich-based photographer Bernhard Lang has been working on “Aerial Views,” a project that aims to show the impact of human beings on their environment as seen from the air.

Photographer: Bernhard Lang

A report published by the regional government of Almeria in 2005 said the rapid expansion of greenhouses was causing damage to the water table, over-extraction of sand for plant bedding, and a pileup of agricultural waste.

Photographer: Bernhard Lang

西班牙阿爾梅里亞之蔬菜温室(之一)

The Greenhouses of Almeria

by Kaushik 轉載自: http://www.amusingplanet.com/2013/08/the-greenhouses-of-almeria.html

Since the 1980s, the small coastal plain, some 30 kilometers southwest of the city of Almeria, has developed the largest concentration of greenhouses in the world, covering 26,000 hectares. Several tons of greenhouse vegetables and fruits such as tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers and zucchinis are produced here annually. More than half of the Europe’s demand for fresh fruits and vegetables are grown under the plastic shades, fuelling the province of Almeria's economy by $1.5 billion in annual revenue.
But 35 years ago, this region in the southeast of Spain was dry and arid, and desert-like, receiving an average of 200 mm of rainfall a year. In fact, Spaghetti western films 義大利拍攝之美國西部電影 were once shot here, because the land was so dry and barren. But with imported soil and fully hydroponic systems that drip-feed chemical fertilizers into grow-bags, over the last 35 years, the area has been intensively used for agriculture.

Photo credit: Edward Burtynsky

A mix of thousand of smallholders and large companies tend the crops inside the plastic greenhouses. Temperatures can reach more than 45 degrees Celsius inside. Many Spanish workers find it too hot to work and the conditions too brutal so the sweat-houses are staffed mainly by legal and illegal immigrants from Africa and Eastern Europe. One hundred thousand immigrants are thought to work in the greenhouses and many believe it is the lack of workers-rights that help the businesses to be profitable. Many ‘farms’ have no toilets and women are often forced into prostitution. Some workers are also sold contracts to work, which have to be repaid to their bosses. The Network for The Promotion of Sustainable Consumption in European Regions, estimate that workers are paid between 33 and 36 Euros per day.
Almeria's sea of white-roofed greenhouse is so vast that researchers from the University of Almeria have found that by reflecting sunlight back into the atmosphere, the greenhouses are actually cooling the province. While temperatures in the rest of Spain have climbed at rates above the world average, the local temperature has dropped an average of 0.3 degrees Celsius every 10 years since 1983.
The greenhouses are so successful that they have swamped the plain of Dalías, moving up the valleys of the nearby Alpujarra hills, one of Spain's most pleasant and unspoiled areas. A few small towns in the area have been completely swamped by the white plastic farms. Plastic manufactures and recycling companies have also set-up in the region, where discarded plastic sheeting and rubbish lies wherever blocking up riverbeds. Last month the death of a sperm whale that washed up on Spain’s south coast was linked to the Almeria greenhouses after it was found to have swallowed 37 pounds (17kg) of plastic waste dumped into the sea. Empty pesticide containers bearing toxic warnings lie among the plastic litter. On the coast at El Pozuelo plastic waste is piled calf-high.