伊斯坦布尔市場夜裡石貂滅鼠

圖片來源: http://fraya0122.pixnet.net/blog/post/285956312-伊斯坦堡misir-carsisi埃及香料市場spice-market-一

博主補充: 伊斯坦布尔市民喜歡用海魚餵飼流浪貓狗. 海邊的埃及香料市場 Spice Bazaar 夜裡是有很多流浪貓的, 但巨鼠會咬傷貓, 所以貓對鼠有顧忌. 一般是白天猫吃飽了海魚, 夜裡對捕鼠無大興趣.  幾百年前由開羅及亞歷山大港商人引進石貂 Martes foina 滅鼠. 石貂大小通吃, 並不滋擾人畜, 數百年來已成為當地黑夜不可或缺的傑出滅鼠游擊隊.  威尼斯市區則有松貂滅鼠游擊隊.

----------------------------------------------------- 住宅巧灭鼠（九）：保控结合善用鼬 轉載自中科院:  http://www.cas.cn/kxcb/kpwz/201408/t20140827_4192972.shtml

文章来源：亚热带农业生态研究所

发布时间：2014-08-26

【字号： 小  中  大 】

鼬科动物食鼠产毛皮 益生态助经济双贡献 　　哺乳纲食肉目鼬科（Mustelidae，亦称貂科），包括鼬、貂、貛、水獭等（约25个现存属、70个种和47∼73个绝灭属）,为中小型食肉兽，以出产毛皮著称，全身体毛致密，针毛挺拔，底绒丰厚，色泽鲜艳，皮板柔韧，具有重大的产业意义，有些种类皮毛极珍贵，已人工养殖。许多野生种属因长期遭狩猎而生存受威胁，其中紫貂、貂熊，及石貂、黄喉貂、水獭（所有种）和小爪水獭，已分别列为国家Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级重点保护动物。 　　鼬科动物体躯细长，脚短爪利，犬齿发达，并具“裂齿”（即上颌的最后1个前臼齿和下颌的第1臼齿，两齿冠面上具尖锐的齿尖，上下咬合可将猎物皮肉撕裂，是特化的食肉齿）；更有发达的肛腺，分泌物奇臭，可用来标志领域和自卫。它们残忍嗜血，多数种属不论饥饱，遇见猎物就捕咬，往往把所有猎物全部咬死或吸尽其血。主要以小兽、鸟、鱼、蛙、蜥等脊椎动物为食，有的会猎食比其自身大的病残草食兽，有些种还捕食昆虫、甲壳动物等，偶然也吃些果实、块茎等植物类食品，狗獾属和猪獾属则是杂食性的，而大多数种属都会捕食鼠类。其中以鼬类和貂类更嗜食鼠，皆是捕鼠能手，对消灭野鼠作用甚大。我国貂属Martes仅3种——紫貂M.zibellina、石貂M.foina和黄喉貂（别名青鼬）M.flavigula，都受国家重点保护，因栖息在林区或山地荒野，不涉住宅灭鼠题目。故本文乃侧重讲述鼬类。 　　九鼬身巧善钻洞 杀鼠技高性更烈 　　鼬科中的鼬属Mustela是食肉目中体型最小的种类，主食啮齿类，通常讲“鼬类”就是指鼬属，或还包括虎鼬属（Vormela）。虎鼬属全世界仅1种，我国北方各省区有分布。鼬属全世界共17种，中国公认有8种。2000年这9种鼬全被列入“国家保护的‘三有’动物名录”,并有21省（市、区）先后将其中一些种指定为地方重点或次级保护动物。现将它们的基本资料汇集于下表1。

　鼬属体躯尤其瘦长，近似圆柱形；尾长不超过体长的一半，头颅狭长，牙齿尖锐，嘴短耳圆；四肢短，皆具5趾，爪弯曲锋利并具半伸缩性，多隐在毛中。穴居，洞穴多构筑在乱石堆、倒木、岩石缝等处，有的则利用其它动物弃洞为巢。非繁殖季节好独居，昼伏夜出，极活跃，凭借灵敏的嗅觉和听觉搜寻食物。行动轻快敏捷，多数能攀缘，也会游水，好拱肩曲背跳跃疾走，善钻缝进洞，特别适合捕捉鼠类。其活动通常有固定的路线和一定范围。雄兽身体大于雌兽。一般雌兽每年只生产一次，大多在冬末春初发情交配，夏初产下1～8只幼仔。幼兽在2个月内多可独立生活，1～2岁性成熟。野生寿命一般10～20岁。

　　鼬属动物适应性极强，山林、草原、荒漠、丘陵、盆地、沼泽等均有分布，有些种类会生活于城乡人居环境里。主要以鼠类为食，能追循鼠迹出入鼠洞，捕杀整窝老鼠；但亦吃小鸟、鸟卵和蛙类等动物，有时亦盗食家禽被人厌恶。同时，它们毛皮多有很高经济价值，肉可食，好些种还可药用，很易遭人捕杀。因此既需积极保护，又需适当控制、防范。为合理利用，并防止其种群过于兴旺时副作用大（攻击鸟、蛙与家禽），在达到一定数量时可以依规适当捕猎；但它们的主功能——控制害鼠作用甚大，尤其对消灭野鼠乃不可或缺，所以首先还是应强调保护。

黄狼身臭名亦臭    消灭家鼠功最高　　鼬类中最为人知、对消灭家鼠作用最大的，是黄鼠狼，学名黄鼬Mustela sibirica。它遍布全国，数量最多，既自寒带针叶林、草原直至热带丛林，能在平原、山区、沼泽和高原等各种野地栖居，又对人造环境特别能适应，不仅完全适应耕作地区生活，冬季会从野外进入村庄，春天就在居民区内生育，而且还会栖息、繁殖于城市中心区，早年上海市卢湾区民宅的地板下就屡屡获得其整窝幼鼬。黄鼬进城镇、村庄，正是它嗜好捕食鼠类的特性所致！

　　黄鼬两性异型，一般雄体长34～40厘米，雌28～34厘米。区别于其它鼬类的特征是：体形中等，鼻部及两眼周围暗褐色而成暗色面纹，上下唇白色，肛门腺发达。

　　毛色随季节和地理环境而异。冬毛从淡棕黄、棕色到暗棕色；喉部及颈下常有白斑，有的可延伸至胸部，但亦有些个体无此白斑。夏毛色泽深，为程度不同的暗褐色。毛色的地区变化更复杂，一般是干旱开阔地区色泽较淡，沿海和较湿的平原区色泽较深；山地森林区多鲜明的棕黄色，高原与高山区则褐色增强。此外，几乎每年都能发现少数白化个体。

　　黄鼬独栖，多穴居在乱石堆、树洞、墙洞或柴草堆下。夜晚活动，善疾走，能贴伏地面前进。既善于钻越缝隙和洞穴，能游泳，又是攀树爬墙高手。嗅觉灵敏而视觉较差。遇险时，就从肛门腺喷出油性黄色臭液自卫。性凶残，食性广泛，几乎会捕杀所有遇到的各种可食的小动物，捕杀量常常远超过其食量；但主要吃鼠类、两栖类与昆虫，进入鼠洞会捕杀整窝鼠。

　　黄鼬有时伤害家禽，特别5～6月间哺育幼仔的母鼬好捕食雏鸡；冬季缺食也会攻击成年鸡鸭，吸血后逃离。彼时家庭养鸡须注意防范。养鸡场更应严防黄鼬，门窗须严密合缝，通风口、流水口等应加铁丝网；若发现某些黄鼬经常盗食家鸡，甚至一次咬死多只，乃是特殊有害个体，当及时捕杀之。但由表2可知，黄鼬猎食物的比例隨当地动物组成而异；实际上，加其他地区调查，在分析的约5000个黄鼬胃中，仅发现2只胃内有鸡残余。所以，显然不能把黄鼬看作是专爱吃鸡的害兽，正常状况下应着力保护。

　　黄鼬的肉可用于杀虫疗疮、温肾缩尿，心肝可治心腹痛。其毛皮质量很好，是制裘的上等原料。尾毛是中国传统的毛笔原料，称“狼毫”，现代又用以制作精密仪器的毛刷。因此上世纪曾提倡捕猎，大量收购用以创汇。这已导致各地黄鼬数量剧减，如今保护生态环境更紧要，理应制止隨意猎杀！

　白、伶、艾、松、纹、与虎鼬    善灭野鼠也吃家鼠

　　其它鼬多栖居荒野山林，会大量捕食野鼠。其中也会进村庄、能为灭家鼠出力的鼬种还有：

　　白鼬Mustela erminea：体毛短，惟有尾端毛长。夏毛背面灰棕色；冬毛全身纯白色，只尾端为黑色。尾长约为体长的1/3。栖息地十分多样，从森林到荒漠、沼泽、河谷地，以及耕作区均有分布，食物缺少年份会留栖在村落中。曾检查到其胃内容物中鼠类占90％。不善于挖洞，巢窩简陋。听觉视觉都十分灵敏，动作敏捷，遇到猎物则紧贴地面匍匐着前进。也善于攀爬和跳跃，也会游泳。冬天出外觅食时，尾巴拖在雪地上，留下行迹，故得名“扫雪”。

　　伶鼬Mustela nivalis：是鼬科体形最小的种。尾极短，约为体长的1/5或更短。耳小，四肢短。被毛短而致密，冬、夏毛异色，冬季全身被毛均为白色，尾尖有时残留褐色毛；夏季体背自上唇至尾端及四肢外侧为咖啡色，腹面白色，背、腹面分界明显而整齐。其栖息地从密林到草原到村落旁都有。主要白天觅食，视觉、听觉和嗅觉都很灵敏。能进入个体最小的小鼠活动区接近猎物，是其它鼬所不及的，一年里能吃掉3500只小鼠。

　　艾鼬Mustela eversmanni：体形比黄鼬稍大，但尾较短细。体背面棕黄色或沙黄色，体侧淡棕色，腰、后背及臀部毛尖黑色，胸、鼠蹊部及四肢黑色，尾端大部分黑色，故又名“两头乌”。该鼬在我国分布较广，东北和西北各地数量较多。喜栖于开阔地与村庄附近，夜行性，有时白天亦活动，视觉和听觉都很发达，会游泳，能攀缘。性情凶猛，主要捕食鼠、旱獭和兔，通常只吮吸血液和脑髓，所残杀的常常会数十倍于其吃进的量。有资料称，体重700克的艾鼬，全年可捕鼠兔1543只、鼢鼠470只。因此，在艾鼬栖息地周围，几乎见不到鼠类活动足迹。

　　黄腹鼬Mustela kathiah：又名松狼，体形比黄鼬小，尾长而细，长度大于1/2体长。体毛短，背部、体侧、尾和四肢咖啡褐色，腹面及四肢肘部淡黄色或黄白色，背腹毛分界线明显。栖息于山地和盆地边缘，喜出没于河谷石堆、灌丛、林缘。清晨和夜间活动，有时窜入村庄盗食家禽。可将其驯养在家中捕鼠。

　　纹鼬Mustela strigidorsa：体形似黄鼬，背脊中央从枕部到尾根有一条银白色窄纹。上下唇、两颊、喉部、前胸为淡黄色，向后到鼠鼷部形成腹纹。鼻垫肉红色，眼前角、两颊及嘴角都具侧生长毛。尾长大于1/2体长，尾毛长而稍蓬松。夏毛红棕色，具光泽。本种分布范围窄，我国主要见于云南勐腊；贵州、广西或也有分布。栖于高海拔河谷区，活动于常绿林中，农田间或村寨附近，主要在夜间活动，能捕食3倍于自身体重的大型啮齿动物。

上述鼬属所有种都是体背面无异色斑点，腭骨突与听泡前内角不相连，下颌裂齿内缘无小尖。而正是此3特征区分出虎鼬属Vormela。虎鼬属惟有1种虎鼬V. peregusna，周身遍布显著的黄褐色斑纹，头骨鼻吻部短缩，听泡前内角与腭骨末端钩突相连，下裂齿的主尖内缘有一小尖。其体形似艾鼬但略小，喉、四肢及腹部黑褐色；额部横过一条宽的白色帯纹，经耳下延至喉部几成环状，但不相连。耳白色，尾长大于体长之半。它是我国北方荒漠与半荒漠草原的广布种，栖居在海拔 1000～1300米的沙漠荒丘，数量较稀少。喜夜间捕食跳鼠和黄鼠。栖居在居民点附近的虎鼬会捕食户内家鼠，也会盗食室内的肉类。当地牧民有将其驯养，关在屋里让其捕食害鼠。

　　鼬类益远高于害 保控结合多珍惜

　　由上述可知，鼬类会不论饥饱把遇到的所有猎物全部咬死，一年四季都会追循鼠迹出入鼠洞捕杀整窝鼠，因而比锦蛇和鴞灭鼠能力更强、效率更高，尤其在灭家鼠上更容易进人房施为；但因食性使其具两面性，既主食鼠类，也捕食鸟、蛙，甚或盗食家禽而产生一定危害；同时作为珍贵毛皮兽和医药用也易遭人捕杀。因此，对鼬类应实施保护与防控两手，合理利用而充分珍惜，当前首先应制止滥捕错杀，充分发挥其抑制害鼠的功能。

　　在保护的法规方面，除了《国“三有”动物名录》和省级《地方重点保护动物名录》之外,《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录Ⅲ（1992）亦已将香鼬、白鼬、黄腹鼬和黄鼬列入保护，要求各成员国合作控制贸易。所以当前要紧的是加强宣教与执法，将各项规定真正落实。

　　【本文主要参考高耀亭（李贵辉执笔鼬科、鼬属）等,《中国动物志•兽纲第八卷•食肉目》,1987,科学出版社。】


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參考:

1.  https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/石貂;    http://tkturkey.com/伊斯坦堡必逛香料市集

2.

Wild Istanbul - 4K (HD)

ORF-E | 2017

English

52 min. x 1 ep   http://pikfilm.com.my/projects/wild-istanbul-hd/?print=pdf

Available worldwide except for Germany and France

This stunning metropolis has a flavor of two continents – Asia and Europe, divided and connected by

the Bosporus straits, where the salty waters of the Sea of Marmara mix with the currents of the

Black Sea. Though the Bosporus is one of the world’s busiest shipping routes you can still see three

different species of dolphin here – reminiscent of the sagas of the ancient world. Living relics of

antiquity are everywhere in Istanbul: for example, the martens were imported by Egyptian traders to

protect their sacks of seeds.

For migrating birds Istanbul is a toehold as they head north for the European spring. But some

animals have come to stay: wild wolves, invading from the east, mate with wild dogs. It’s happening

today as it has for generations, so that now some scientists talk of a new species: the wolfdog.

--------------------------------------------------

漁護處指出可家養馴化之捕鼠黄腹鼬是本地原生物種:

41食油樣本含塑化劑 5款超食安中心「行動水平」 量少不影響健康

轉載自2017年7月18日明報: https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20170718/s00002/1500314663699

消委會首度測試本港市面有售的食油，在抽查的60款中，發現近七成樣本（41款）含塑化劑，其中5款超出食物安全中心「行動水平」，但樣本未有對健康造成不良影響；被視為較健康的特級初榨橄欖油，全部樣本均含塑化劑。有食物安全專家表示，測試樣本的污染物含量算低，不用太擔心，但建議市民避免將油樽放在煮食爐旁，以免釋出更多塑化劑。

消委會今年2至3月在市面收集60款，包括花生油、粟米油等食用植物油，檢測其塑化劑、致癌物、殘留溶劑等污染物的含量。消委會表示，本港目前沒有食油安全標準，但食安中心有為特定物質設下「行動水平」，一旦超出水平，中心會再作風險評估，檢視該食物是否對人體有害。

消委會：日食0.4公斤方超標

消委會發現，41款即近七成樣本含塑化劑，長期攝入塑化劑可能影響生殖系統發展及發育，其中5款樣本的塑化劑含量超出食安中心的行動水平，已轉交食安中心跟進（見表）。5款中以「Sunny Meadow Blended Canola Oil and Olive Oil」塑化劑含量最高，每公斤有7.8毫克，不過消委會表示，以一個體重60公斤的成年人長期食用計算，每日要最少進食0.4公斤上述食油，才會超過歐洲每日限量標準。

特級初榨橄欖油樣本全含有

在消委會檢測的食油類型中，所有花生油及特級初榨橄欖油樣本均含塑化劑，有營養師說，不要盲目相信坊間追捧特定食油是較健康，要適時在不同烹調下，轉用不同的食油（見另稿）。

消委會又發現，「御萬家粟米油」的致癌物「苯並[a]芘」超出歐盟標準（每公斤2微克），每公斤含4.6微克，超標1.3倍。不過，若以本港食安中心的行動水平（每公斤10微克）計算，御萬家粟米油仍低於水平。

一樣本驗出哥羅芳超標

至於殘留溶劑，「純一初榨橄欖油」被驗出每公斤含0.29毫克三氯甲烷（即俗稱哥羅芳），超出食品法典委員會及國際橄欖委員會的國際標準規定（每公斤0.1毫克），消委會亦已交食安中心跟進。

安中心回應稱，中心已就5個塑化劑超出行動水平的樣本進行風險評估，結果顯示，所有樣本在一般食用下，不會對健康造成不良影響，亦已就三氯甲烷超標的樣本測試，滿意有關結果。中心表示，政府早前已完成食用油脂立法建議的公眾諮詢，正制訂具體的規管方案。

專家：油樽避放煮食爐旁

香港專業教育學院食品科技及安全課程高級講師方麗影說，塑化劑可能由儲存食油的膠樽轉移至食油中，不過上述含量低，不用太擔心，但建議市民避免將油樽放在煮食爐旁，因高溫會助釋出更多塑化劑。

巴西聖保羅的琉球原住民

轉載自: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42859249

A little corner of Brazil that is forever Okinawa

In the Sao Paulo neighbourhood of Liberdade, samba and Japanese tradition often mix  Source: Getty Images

Who would have known that the Okinawan language found a home in Brazil just when it was fading back in Japan? BBC Brasil's Leticia Mori has this report from Sao Paulo.

Walking around Liberdade district, you would be forgiven for thinking you were in Tokyo. Nowhere in Brazil are the influences of Japanese immigration more visible than in this bustling part of Brazil's biggest metropolis.

 Japanese food is popular in Brazil Source: Getty Images

 Typical Japanese archways span streets in Sao Paulo  Source: Getty Images

The names on shop fronts are in Japanese and they sell everything from Japanese food and kitchen utensils to traditional home decorations.
Red painted archways and a Japanese garden delight visitors venturing to this little Japanese corner of Brazil.

• The Brazilians winning in Japan

Japanese migration to Brazil is celebrated annually on the anniversary of 18 June 1908, the date when the Japanese ship Kasato-Maru arrived in the port of Santos, south of Sao Paulo, carrying the first 781 people to take advantage of a bilateral agreement promoting migration.
Half of them were from the southern part of the island of Okinawa, located about 640km (400 miles) south of the rest of Japan, which had its own distinct language and culture dating back to before the island's annexation by Tokyo in 1879.
Today, Brazil is home to the world's largest community of Japanese descendants outside of Japan, numbering about 1.5 million people.

Why did they come from Okinawa?

Japanese authorities promoted emigration as a national policy until the late 1960s to alleviate poverty and overpopulation and encouraged people from rural areas in particular to seek work abroad.

 Brazil has a large community of people descended from Japanese immigrants  Source:  Getty Images

There had been earlier policies to send migrants to work as labourers in the Hawaiian sugarcane fields, on the US mainland and Canada's West Coast and, to some extent, in Mexico but they proved short-lived as those countries adopted restrictions on immigration.
Tokyo soon started looking for opportunities further south.
Brazil, where slavery had been abolished in 1888, was looking for cheap labour to work in the coffee plantations of its south-east.
Japanese migrants filled that gap but quickly many realised they could earn more by working their own land.
The community soon prospered working the rich, arable lands of Sao Paulo state, where they revolutionised agricultural techniques, growing a variety of vegetables, rice and greens, some of which they introduced to the country.
Unlike in their homeland, where the Japanese authorities banned the Okinawan language following the islands annexation, Okinawans living in Brazil were free to speak their language and celebrate their culture.

What happened to their language?

Yoko Gushiken, 70, came to Brazil when she was 10.

Yoko Gushiken (top row, far right) continued to practice traditional dances after she emigrated 

"If we spoke Okinawan at school, we'd be punished but at home I spoke it secretly," she says about her childhood back home.
She says that she and her older brother, both of whom settled in Brazil, still speak Okinawan fluently.
But back in Japan, its speakers are few and far between, prompting Unesco to add it to its list of endangered languages.
Ms Gushiken says her sister, who stayed in Japan, struggles to understand it.
"Once I went to visit her and we went to the theatre," she recalls. "The play was in Okinawan. I understood everything, and she didn't."

Roots music or pop?

The fact that Okinawan culture has thrived in Brazil is now attracting university students like Mei Nakamura and Momoka Shimabukuro, who have travelled to Sao Paulo all the way from Okinawa to get in touch with their roots.

 Momoka Shimabukuro (left) has come to Brazil to explore her identity while Mei Nakamura is studying psychology

Ms Nakamura studies psychology and says she wants to understand how early migrants organised themselves in their new homeland.
Ms Shimabukuro says she came for personal reasons: "I was born and raised in Kin, a small town in Okinawa. I want to try and see things from a distance to try and find my own identity.
"Perhaps I'll find happiness through this external viewpoint."
Things back in Okinawa have changed, too, since the days of its annexation, with Tokyo now trying to showcase Okinawan culture.
"They are trying to portray a 'pop' Okinawa, with music and animes 日本動畫," historian Ricardo Sorgon Pires explains.
"More people are interested in understanding their [Okinawan] roots and that has translated into more interest in Brazil," the academic from the University of Sao Paulo says.

Who sings in Okinawan?

Another young Okinawan who has come to Brazil to learn about her culture is singer Megumi Gushi.

 Megumi Gushi plays the sanshin and sings in Okinawan  Source: Associação Okinawana Kenjin do Brasil

Ms Gushi is in Brazil on an exchange programme and her aim is to improve her pronunciation so she can better sing in Okinawan.
During her stay in Sao Paulo, she has spent time with elderly migrants as well as folklore groups which still play the sanshin  (三弦傳入琉球後發展成三線；三線傳入日本後，發展成三味線。在日本有把「三味線」稱為「三弦」的習慣), a traditional snakeskin-covered string instrument.
Terio Uehara is the president of the Okinawa Association of Vila Carrao, which forms part of the exchange programme.
He argues Okinawan culture is so vibrant here precisely because it has had to survive so far from its homeland.

"In Okinawa, family roots are highly valued," says. "Most descendants know what town their family is from, and even what district. Okinawans are very united and they need to be even more so when they go abroad."

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參考:   https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/琉球語


                 https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/沖繩縣

                 https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/三弦

為什麼地中海底的雙耳瓶是尖的?

Collection of amphoras from different parts of the Mediterranean:

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#/media/File:Turkey.Bodrum033.jpg

Wikipedia:  https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/双耳瓶
雙耳瓶是一類陶瓷瓶，具有兩隻把手以及細長的頸部結構。雙耳瓶首先在前15世紀出現於今敘利亞地區，然後傳播到世界各地，被古希臘人、古羅馬人用於運送與存儲葡萄、酒、橄欖油、食用油、穀物、橄欖、魚類等。後來，人們生產了一些高品質的手繪雙耳瓶，用於大量社會禮儀用途。這些雙耳瓶不同於其他強調功能的雙耳瓶，裝飾更具藝術性，常被用作獎勵。

Source:  Wikipedia   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphora

Amphorae designed for marine transport, taken from shipwrecks of the Bronze Age, on display in the Museum of Underwater Archaeology at Bodrum Castle, Turkey. The museum archaeologists have devised a rack and roping device to illustrate how the cargo might have been kept from shifting.

Amphorae are of great use to maritime archaeologists, as they often indicate the age of a shipwreck and the geographic origin of the cargo. They are occasionally so well preserved that the original content is still present, providing information on foodstuffs and mercantile systems. Amphorae were too cheap and plentiful to return to their origin-point and so, when empty, they were broken up at their destination. At a breakage site in Rome, Testaccio, close to the Tiber, the fragments, later wetted with Calcium hydroxide (Calce viva), remained to create a hill now named Monte Testaccio, 45 m (148 ft) high and more than 1 kilometre in circumference.

微軟數据中心的燃料电池供电

Is this the fuel cell that will crack the code to the data center?

Katie Fehrenbacher Feb 20, 2015  https://gigaom.com/2015/02/20/is-this-the-fuel-cell-that-will-crack-the-code-to-the-data-center

The controversial idea of using fuel cells to power data centers has been under discussion for the past couple of years. Probably the most famous project out there is Apple’s 10 MW fuel cell farm, which uses 50 fuel cells from Silicon Valley startup Bloom Energy installed next to its east coast data center in North Carolina.

But Microsoft is just starting to kick off a pretty unusual and innovative project using fuel cells and data centers that could some day draw a lot of interest. Microsoft is working with young startup Redox Power Systems and using a grant from the Department of Energy’s ARPA-E program, to test out Redox’s fuel cells to power individual server racks within a data center.

A Redox Power Systems fuel cell is shown off at the ARPA-E 2015 Summit.

For a refresher, fuel cells are devices that take a fuel (usually natural gas or biogas) and oxygen and run these substances through a chemical reaction (using a catalyst and stacks of materials) to create electricity. It’s set up like a battery (with an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte) but it generates energy, instead of storing energy like a battery does.

Microsoft’s idea for its new fuel cell project is unusual because most of the limited number of fuel cells that are being used for data centers today — like the ones at Apple’s facility — have been installed in clusters outside of the data center, or in a separate area of the data center, away from the servers. This set up requires conversion infrastructure to convert the DC power from the fuel cell farm into AC power to be pumped into or around the data center, and then converted back into DC power to be used by the servers.

Microsoft’s plan is to essentially distribute lots of small fuel cell stacks down at the individual server level, delivering onsite energy, cutting out the conversion infrastructure and eliminating those costs. Without the infrastructure costs, Microsoft could in theory afford to potentially pay higher prices for fuel cells, which despite the best efforts of a handful of companies have long been pretty expensive compared to grid power.

Bloom Energy fuel cells at Apple’s data center. Image courtesy of Gigaom.

Microsoft has actually been working on this idea, and considering fuel cells in general, for several years. The company wrote a white paper on the fuel-cell-per-rack model over a year and a half ago and already trialled the technology at a test facility at UC Irvine using a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (or PEM). Microsoft is also trialling fuel cells, powered by biogas, at a test data center in Cheyenne, Wyoming, which turned on late last year.

But even with the company’s fuel-cell-per-rack idea, fuel cells, in general, still seemed too expensive for Microsoft to deploy at a large scale, beyond a small pilot, explained Microsoft’s Director of Energy Strategy Brian Janous. It’s been “frustrating” trying to figure out how to scale fuel cells into something “material for us,” in the tens of megawatts scale, Janous told me.

It wasn’t until Microsoft connected with the Department of Energy’s ARPA-E program, and its low-cost fuel cell project — called REBELS for Reliable Electricity Based on Electrochemical Systems — that the Internet company saw there might be some early stage technology that could deliver a more dramatic cost reduction than was currently available on the market.

A fuel cell from Redox Power Systems shown off at the ARPA-E Summit 2015.

That’s where Redox Power Systems comes in. When Janous heard the prices that Redox was quoting — which he called “remarkably lower than anything out there today,” and “not even in same ballpark” — he told the company “we’re in. We want to provide a platform to commercialize it.”

Redox’s core innovation is using nanotechnology to create a composition of ceramics materials for a solid oxide fuel cell, developed over the years by scientist and founder Eric ­Wachsman, who’s the director of the Energy Research Center at the University of Maryland (you can read more of the tech details and patents here).

While it’s still early days for Redox Power Systems, the company says it can deliver an ultra low cost, low temperature (650 to 400 C), compact fuel cell that Microsoft can use cost-effectively for its fuel-cell-per-rack idea. Wachsman has said the fuel cells can produce electricity for $1 per watt, which would make it competitive with grid power, and has also described it as being able to provide “100 times the density per cost of current cells, one tenth the cost and at one tenth the size.”

Janous said Microsoft will be getting the first fuel cell stacks from Redox in the Fall of 2015, and will start “kicking the tires” on it then. If the tech operates as advertised, and the startup meets its milestones, the three-year, $5 million project will scale up the system and evaluate how it operates with the servers.

At the ARPA-E Summit last week I got a chance to see one of the 25 kw Redox fuel cell units on the showcase floor. The metallic compact box, filled with the fuel cell’s stacks that do the chemical electricity creation, has been designed with a glowing green string of neon lights and cubes. It looks like something you’d see in Tron.

Microsoft is also working with other fuel cell makers that are a little farther along on the path to commercialization on this idea, but declined to name the companies. Earlier this month Microsoft showed off a proof of concept that a server can be run off of DC power of a fuel cell.

In this way, Microsoft is playing an important role, helping act as a commercialization partner for early stage startups. And if those innovations pan out, Microsoft will be the first company to benefit from them, potentially giving it a competitive edge.

How important will fuel cells be to Microsoft and its overall data center initiatives in the end? Janous said: “It’s really hard to say. We’re bullish enough that we’re putting a lot of time and resources in piloting this tech. It could be game changing if it works. But it’s still very early.”

圓底鍋變成平底鍋的原因是燒煤

轉載自: 石毛直道<<日本的餐桌>>, 臺北: 遠足文化事業股份,  2013 (民102年10月), 106 - 107 頁

圓底鍋變成平底鍋的原因是燒煤

古早的灶上使用的是圓底炊鍋, 地爐的吊鈎也是掛著連接鐵弦的圓底鍋.  如今, 除了中華炒鍋, 廚房裡已看不到圓底的鍋具.

全世界傳統的鍋具基本上都是半圓型的鍋底.  因為這樣接觸到火燄的面積大, 傳熱效果比較好.

歐洲國家也是如此.  在建於牆面的暖爐(壁爐)或類似地爐的爐子燃柴生火烹調食物時, 用的就是圓底鍋. 歐洲不盛行使用將火堆圍起來的灶, 他們把鍋子掛在吊鈎上, 或是放在像火架的金屬框上進行料理.  此外, 也會用有立腳的鍋具, 當然這全都是圓底鍋.

平底鍋則是例外.  能夠快速完成料理的平底鍋, 淺平的鍋底方便看到鍋中的食材, 長握柄便
於用手操作.  以前的平底鍋因為是放在沒有圍起來的直火上使用, 為了避免燙傷多數都接上超過五十公分的長握柄.

歐洲的鍋具變成平底與產業革命有關.  燃料用的木材變少, 煤成了產業革命的能源.  拜因為使用煤為燃料使成本下降的製鐵產業之賜, 以低價的鐵做成的料理爐具變得普遍.

煤的氣味(博主註:藍色的煤煙與黑色的煤灰)會影響料理的味道, 於是出現了用鐵箱圍住火燄的爐台型料理用爐具.  放在鐵箱上鐵板的就是平底鍋.  参考博文: 英國エ業革命時代以煤燒烤(壁爐前懸掛大塊肉可自動旋轉) http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102wd30.html

自從柴火在廚房中消失後, 鍋子也變成了平底.

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石毛 直道 1937年11月30日生, 日本の文化人類学者・民族学者。国立民族学博物館名誉教授・元館長、総合研究大学院大学名誉教授。農学博士（東京農業大学、1986年）來源: 維基百科  https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/石毛直道

世界首创首台2兆瓦垂直轴风力发电机并网发电

                                                Source:   http://www.yatutech.com/art/-4.html

世界首创首台2兆瓦垂直轴风力发电机并网发电                

2018-01-29 适归贸易  轉載自: https://www.china5e.com/news/news-1019388-1.html

由广州雅图新能源科技有限公司和英格(阳江)电气股份有限公司联合举办的“大型垂直轴风力发电机专家研讨、论证会”于2018年1月22日下午14:30在阳江市华邑酒店成功举行。参加此次研讨、论证会的有来自澳大利亚、加拿大、中国等国内外在风机制造领域权威的知名专家和教授。
广州雅图新能源科技有限公司是一家专注于风电、新能源研发的创新性企业。英格(阳江)电气股份有限公司是一家集科研、开发、制造与销售为一体的先进装备制造企业，是国家高新技术企业。由广州雅图新能源科技有限公司自主设计研发、英格(阳江)电气股份有限公司生产制造的2兆瓦垂直轴风力发电机已经成功并网发电。
此次国内外权威专家研讨、论证会论证通过：已经取得了37项发明专利、46项实用新型专利、9项国际PTC专利的雅图大功率创新型垂直轴风机产品具备结构简洁，模块化结构设计利于大规模生产、运输与安装，并具备生产成本、维修成本低和寿命延长至40年以上的优点。结合对这台创新性垂直轴风力发电机的论证结果，这项创新技术更适用于6兆瓦以上大功率的垂直轴风力发电机的开发，同时由于其良好的结构和主机在地面，因此垂直轴风力发电机更适合于海上风电场的安装与使用。专家建议在6兆瓦以上的创新型大功率产品中增加功率调节系统、磁悬浮轴承、永磁发电机这三项新技术，以满足特大特强台风的生存能力和微风发电要求，使产品更具安全性和先进性。同时到会专家根据这一创新技术建议雅图公司加快安装6兆瓦以上示范性风机，实现6兆瓦以上大型垂直轴风机在陆上、海上不同环境的应用。同时，由于此项技术属于全球创新，目前尚无标准用于认证，专家建议企业尽快编写标准推进认证进程，以便全面推广，使这项重大创新技术更好地为经济发展和环境改善作出贡献。
大功率垂直轴风力发电机一直是全球风力发电的技术瓶颈和难题，雅图2兆瓦大型垂直轴风力发电机的成功运行，验证了其技术的创新性和优越性，对传统技术产生颠覆性的更新和换代。
众所周知，到目前为止100-300m以上高空风力资源是人类目前所知的储量最大的可再生和清洁能源，若能突破技术瓶颈对高空风力资源有效开发和利用，将完全具备对全球化石类能源的彻底替代。雅图公司有信心在未来的日子开发出6-10兆瓦以上的超大型垂直轴风力发电机，在全球去化石类能源的大潮中，勇于开拓，不辱使命，为人类的环境和发展做出更大贡献。
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雅图历史   轉載自: http://www.yatutech.com/art/-1.html

       广州雅图新能源科技有限公司前身是广州雅图机电有限公司，英格投资在中国境内成立的一家创新型企业。在广州拥有企业技术中心和工程中心，由国内外知名专家和极具创新性的一批设计师组成设计团队，专注于风力发电、储能等新能源领域的前沿技术进行开发和应用。

国际品牌发电机组领导者---雅图机电 
      上世纪90年代广州雅图机电有限公司是中国柴油发电机组三甲企业，是三菱重工（MITSUBISHI）、富豪（VOLVO-PENTA）、伯琼斯（PERKINS）的O.E.M合作伙伴，道依茨（DEUTZ）柴油发电机组的特约经销商，日本三菱重工及瑞典富豪发动机的特约维修中心。雅图柴油发电机组最早获取中国信息产业部电信设备进网许可证，制造军用电源拖车，车载式移动电站，防音型机组，多机并联，远程控制智能型机组等，并被广州市政府评定为名牌产品。

   

    承担了国家“九五”计划的科技攻关项目，对新一代无刷三相同步发电机技术进行攻关，获得了圆满成功。原国家机械部在鉴定中肯定“项目成果在国内同类产品大幅领先，达到国际当代先进水平。”
       2006年，雅图机电进行业务整合，风电业务等单独组建了雅图风电设备制造有限公司。
       2007年雅图就已经制造的广东省内第一台750千瓦风力发电机组，安装于湛江东海岛。
       2014年，整合储能等业务后，广州雅图新能源科技有限公司正式成立，成为一家专注风力发电和能源储存、传输等发展方向的专业化公司。