美國的低地會否用作發電?

2016, January, Steven Chu, Nobel Prize in Physics (1997) and former Secretary of the Department of Energy (DOE ) in the US, cites Valhalla as an example of energy innovation for fighting climate change. Source: http://valhalla.cl/history 朱棣文或者會認為美國不會跟隨死海, 埃及Qattara,  突尼斯及阿爾及利亞的 Sahara Sea,  依照 Vahalla.cl 太陽能抽水蓄能計劃利用地勢發電  參考:突尼斯龐大的沙漠太陽能熱發電供電歐盟馬耳他  https://kcwongjinan.blogspot.com/2017/09/blog-post_19.html?

m=1://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102xho1.html   .

全球範圍的氣候轉變使以上大規模廉價發電計劃變得短期內可行, 尾隨者可從先行者處獲得啟發, 從而追上進度. 幾代中東, 北非沙漠人期待的內陸海水湖泊可藉着蒸發改善乾旱, 所發的24/7電又可收回成本, 廉價鈣鈦礦太陽能開發成功是主要因素.

若能改善沙漠乾旱, 加州的山火爆發率會不會就此降低?  2018年11月加州的山火已導致85人死亡, 3人失踪,  看來簡單的太陽能抽水蓄能計劃利用地勢發電短期內會獲得全球接受和推廣. 沙漠裏水是生命之源, 只有大量的蒸發始能改善乾旱.  蒸發後的鹽又可以回收各種資源(如鉀肥).  大量的潮濕水氣能遏止大型沙塵暴, 它們會給太陽能電池鋪上一層沙子.  大規模蒸發會供應大量水蒸汽去改善乾旱. 想象中一連串珍珠項鍊般的蒸發池會改造日漸乾燥的氣候.    

還有20至40年美國東部的奥加拉拉蓄水層 Ogallala aquifer  便會被農人抽得枯竭,  現時的 45 萬平方公里農地(美國農地的20%)可能會變成沙漠, 留給人們的時間不多了.   https://www.kansascity.com/news/state/kansas/article28640722.html  http://www.ngchina.com.cn/magazine/2016/08/1016.html

地中海以南的撒哈拉沙漠過去都廣泛種上橄欖樹, 隨著氣候轉趨炎熱和乾燥, 橄欖樹的種植園都轉移到地中海以北歐洲地區去了.  撒哈拉沙漠又在上演沙進人退的悲劇了.

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Mechanism:

1. A 24/7 hydro-electricity generation which directs the flow from the  sea to the depression all year round;

2. When the sun rises from the east, a widest application of cheap perovskite  solar cells is more than sufficient to pump the sea water back to the sea and the process continues 365 days in a year.     Source: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102y7ly.html


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圖文轉載自:  https://geology.com/below-sea-level

8) Death Valley

Elevation: 86 meters below sea level  7,800 km²
Country: USA
Latitude/Longitude: 36°51′N 117°17′W

Death Valley is the location of the lowest land elevation in the United States. It is a north-south trending valley between the Amargosa Range on the east and the Panamint Range on the west. Death Valley is part of the Basin and Range Physiographic Province where north-south trending valleys are bounded on both sides by normal faults. The north and south ends of the valley are formed by the Sylvania Mountains and the Owlshead Mountains. The valley is one of the hottest locations in the United States. The record high temperature for the United States was measured there in 1913 at 134 °F (56.7 °C). Death Valley gets very little rain and the deepest part of the valley is generally dry. However, heavy rains can cause flash floods that produce a large lake in the bottom of the valley.

延伸閱讀:  https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/死亡谷

10) Salton Trough

Elevation: 69 meters below sea level  索爾頓湖面積974平方公里，最大水深16米，蓄水量9.25立方公里
Country: USA, Mexico
Latitude/Longitude: 33°19′N 115°50′W

The Salton Trough is the second lowest depression in the United States. The lowest land in the Salton Trough is along the shoreline of the Salton Sea. The lake level is approximately 69 meters below sea level; however, the lake rises and falls in response to runoff from the New, Whitewater and Alamo Rivers plus some agricultural runoff. The bottom of the Salton Sea is about two meters higher than the bottom of Death Valley.

延伸閱讀:    https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/索爾頓湖
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與霍有光教授討論有關內容:

kcwongjinan   2015-12-17 17:57

智利瓦尔哈拉公司的设想，可利用太阳能把太平洋的水抽到安第斯山脉顶峰的两座水库里，然后让海水向下流经水电站发电,用以克服太阳能、风能等可再生能源的不稳定性。 

霍有光教授:

我的回复(2015-12-19 10:26)：谢谢参与：
利用太阳能、风能调渤海水入黄旗海、岱海乃至罗布泊（封闭的隔水盆地），能够建设调水蓄能电站，可解决既要大量获取可再生能源又要克服其不稳定性问题，可谓一石数鸟。Source:  http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=533560&do=wall

颱風下的島民家庭風力發電設計

六十分鐘時事雜誌(CBS)介紹了Rocky Mountain Institute 在巴哈馬Hope town 搞太陽能, 成功之道在於蓄電池降價, 太陽能發電比用柴油便宜云云。

其實風力發電才是海島首選。打幾天颱風什麽蓄電池裏的太陽能都用光了。再說海島也没有足夠的面積去搞太陽能。

後院或屋頂小型風力發電(水平和垂直)才是終極解决島民供電方式。

構思之中的風車一車兩用, 發電機放置在塔頂, 兼具水平和垂直發電功能。平時可用水平方式發電, 打風時則採用垂直方式發電。如此這般才能保証24/7全天候發電和用電。島國風力資源豐沛, 多裝幾把這樣的小型風車, 輔以若干太陽能板(無海風時用的), 庶幾可以省卻昂貴的柴油發電了。

参考: 石垣島採用日本颱風時適用之垂直型風力發電機

https://challenergy.com/news//00354.html

英國力捧Jamie Oliver全盤失敗

Jamie 是一個祟尚義大利菜式的英國小子, 所開餐廳, 其實由義大利厨師掌厨, 大慨可以理解為一種表面上捧義大利餐, 其實是壓中餐的國家行為。

Abraham Lincoln 說過:

You can fool all the people some of the time and some of the  people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.

Jamie 在世界范圍的全盤失敗説明了英國菜和義大利菜都不好吃, 不為消費者接受。

參考新聞: http://rfi.my/5TCs.W

北方嚴寒海水造冰供應沙漠

在渤海和羅布泊之間, 地勢是中間高, 兩邊低, 有如一座山。

只要冬天在渤海用水管引海水上山, 在短時間內結冰排盐, 鹵水循原水管(單周海水北上雙周鹵水南下)排往渤海。所造冰塊含鹽量低, 融化後再人工淡化, 成本不高, 大概可設想為農牧業可承受的成本。用此融冰水在鹽碱地上養殖海鮮也是可行辦法。

假設北方農閒期有4-6個月, 用4-6個月時間準備足夠融雪冰水春耕是可以進行的.有關淡水或能支持到收割, 但要挖掘巨大貯水池.

假若仍不夠淡水, 我國南方融冰期比北方沙漠要提前數星期至數月不等。只要在南方無冰地域, 或正在融冰地域, 用水管將淡水運至北方沙漠即可.

如此這般, 北方沙漠春耕時所需要淡水一開始是由冬曰海水製冰供應. 南方融冰後,用水管供應北方淡水,至南方結冰為止, 大概可種稻米一造, 完成绿化沙漠之理想。

收割稻米後進入冬季,倘若南方再無淡水供應北方沙漠, 那就要將上述海水制冰辦法用上,直至南方融冰為止.

香港旳基礎醫療服務primary health care

香港新城Metro Radio 財經臺香樹輝一年前左右曾經訪問某醫學會會董, 作為嘉賓的他指出香港並沒有象英國一樣發展基礎醫療服務機構, primary health care, 去指導群眾小病, 長期病的復康之道, 並防止其發展成大病, 绝症.

但可惜香港並沒有這樣的防線. 

現時小病和長期病已經突破防線, 一般醫藥措施已經失守, 如糖尿病已經占用大部份洗腎設備. 小病已經發展成絕症, 占用社會大部份資源, 這當然是有待改善的.

香港王建中的博客访问统计量功能已下线+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

blog.sina.com.cn/wongkinchung   2018年9月28日  下午 2:32

9月28日 週五 下午2:32

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29/9/2018    14:38  博客访问：31,509
                    18:00                      31,543
30/9/2018    14.09                      31,579
                    16:49                      31,601 
4/10/2018    14:18                      31,701
                    19.52                      31,762
 6/10/2018   15.06                      31,824 
                    19.17                      31,876
7/10/2018     13.00                     31,900
                     16.50                     31,925
13/10/2018   15.30                     32,079
                     19.40                     32,120 
14 /10/2018  13.36                     32,144
                     17.00                     32,181     
20/10/2018   14.30                     32,361   
                     19.40                     32,420   
21/10/2018   13.46                     32,460
                     16.45                     32,500   
27/10/2018   16.29                     32,672 
                     19.40                     32,700  
28/10/2018   14.00                     32,750 
                      16.00                    32,764 
3/11/2018      18.04                    33,012
                      20.00                    33,027  
4/11/2018      12.00                    33,054                                          17.00                    33,091
10/11/2018    20.00                    33,314
11/11/2018    17.00                    33,359 
14/11/2018    13:48                    33,474
                      19.43                    33,531
17/11/2018    15.45                    33,611
                      17.17                    33,630
18/11/2018    15.00                    33,686
21/11/2018    14.30                    33,765
                      20.00                    33,838
24/11/2018    15.00                    34,000
                      17.37                    34,022
                      19.52                    34,061
25/11/2018    15.20                    34,106  
                      16.00                    34,110     
                      17.00                    34,127  
1/12/2018      15.36                    34,352
                      17.42                    34,373
                      19.50                    34,396
2/12/2018      13.15                    34,414 
                      16.50                    34,454
3/12/2018      10.43                    34,485
                      11.53                     34,499
5/12/2018      14.43                     34,580
                      18.16                     34,602
                      19.50                     34,627
8/12/2018      15.41                     34,714
                      18.00                     34,732
                      19.50                     34,750
9/12/2018      13.00                     34,769
                      16.46                     34,815
13/12/2018    13.40                     34,940
                      17.25                     34,959
                      18.47                     34,976
15/12/2018    17.22                     35,051
                      19.55                     35,070
16/12/2018    13.30                     35,085
                      16.50                     35,107
22/12/2018    16.20                     35,335
                      19.50                     35,367 
23/12/2018    13.58                     35,455   
                      16.45                     35,482
29/12/2018    16.40                     35,721
                      18.48                     35,734
                      19.54                     35,743
30/12/2018    14.00                     35,774
                      16.55                     35,815
6/1/2019        16.48                     36,024
7/1/2019        15.34                     36,062
                       17.00                    36,076
8/1/2019         12.00                    36,111
                       17.00                    36,127
9/1/2019         14.00                    36,157  
                       17.00                    36,185  
10/1/2019       14.00                    36,212
                       17.00                    36,227
1/4/2019         10.00                    40,888  
3/4/2019         17.00                    41,399      
10/4/2019         9.10                    41,926   
                       14.00                    41,986   
7/5/2019         16.00                    43,503    
9/5/2019         17.00                    43,589
18/5/2019       19.23                    43,966
22/5/2019       11.00                    44,130
15/6/2019       11.30                    44,874
17/8/2019       11.10                    47,176  
16/9/2019       13.06                    48,380    
26/10/2019     11.00                    49,932
06/11/2019     14.00                    50,360    
16/11/2019     17.00                    50,791 
23/11/2019     11.00                    51,083
30/11/2019     11.30                    51,316
7/12/2019       11.00                    51,567
14/12/2019     12.00                    51,759
28/12/2019     11.30                    52,223
04/01/2020     11.02                    52,427
11/01/2020     11.22                    52,490 

 10/6/2021 64,600

“变废为宝”——联合国儿基会帮助科特迪瓦生产再生塑料砖 建造学校

图片来源：UNICEF/Frank Dejo

在科特迪瓦中部的一所学校，学生们很高兴学校里建造了一个新教室。 （2019年2月6日图片）

2019 年 7 月 29 日  Source:  https://news.un.org/zh/story/2019/07/1039011

联合国儿童基金会今天宣布，该基金会与哥伦比亚社会企业“塑料理念”（Conceptos Plasticos）合作在科特迪瓦建造的首家将塑料废物转化为模块塑料砖的工厂已经破土动工。这种易于组装、耐用且低成本的砖将用于在科特迪瓦建造急需的教室。

儿基会执行主任福尔说表示，这家工厂将为非洲儿童和社区面临的一些主要教育挑战带来智能型的可扩展解决方案。其潜力有三方面：为科特迪瓦的儿童提供更多的教室，减少环境中的塑料废物，为最脆弱的家庭提供额外的收入渠道。
科特迪瓦需要1万5000间教室，以满足失学儿童的需求。为了填补这一空白，联合国儿童基金会与 “塑料理念”企业合作，利用从阿比让及其周边地区污染区回收的塑料，计划在未来两年内为最迫切需要教育的2万5000多名儿童建造500间教室，并有可能将来建造更多的教室。
联合国驻科特迪瓦代表卡姆珀（Aboubacar Kampo）表示，科特迪瓦学童面临的主要挑战之一是缺乏教室。要么根本没有教师，要么过度拥挤，使学习成为一种充满挑战和不愉快的经历。有了塑料砖教室之后，在某些地区，贫困社区的幼儿园老师将能够首次将教室里的儿童人数减少到100名以下。他说，“那些从未想过会在学校里拥有‘一席之地’的孩子将能够在一个干净整洁的教室里学习，茁壮成长。“
阿比让每天生产280多吨塑料废物，其中只有约5％被回收利用，其余大部分最终留在低收入社区的垃圾填埋场。塑料废物污染加剧了现有的卫生和环境卫生挑战。不恰当的废物管理导致了60％的儿童疟疾、腹泻和肺炎病例， 这些疾病都是科特迪瓦儿童死亡的主要原因之一。
一旦全面投入运营，这个工厂每年将回收9600吨塑料废物，并为正规回收市场中的贫困妇女提供收入来源。  
“塑料理念”企业已经在哥伦比亚用塑料砖建造了9间教室，展示了其施工方法和材料的可行性。
砖块100％由塑料制成，具有耐火性，比传统建筑材料便宜40％，重量减轻20％，并且使用寿命可长达数百年。这种砖还具有很好的防水性和隔热性，并可抵御强风。
除了在科特迪瓦投资建厂外，儿基会还计划将该项目扩展到该地区的其他国家，因为非洲西部和中部地区占全球小学学龄失学儿童的三分之一，占中学低年级学龄失学儿童的五分之一。

Classrooms made from recycled plastic waste come to Ivory Coast

Source: https://www.france24.com/en/20190925-classrooms-recycled-plastic-waste-ivory-coast-unicef

Frank Hersey, FRANCE 24 | The prototype of a classroom built with plastic bricks at a school in Ivory Coast's Abidjan, now used as the school's nursery.

Text by: Frank HERSEY 

Plastic bricks made via a recycling process developed by a Colombian social enterprise are being used to help tackle a huge shortfall of classrooms in the West African nation of Ivory Coast.

Experts hope the environmentally friendly new technique will also provide more stable incomes for plastic waste collectors and contribute to reducing rates of serious illnesses in the country.
Nine model classrooms have already been set up in Ivory Coast (officially known by its French name, Côte d’Ivoire) by Conceptos Plásticos in partnership with UNICEF, the UN agency for children, at three test sites across the country. Built with bricks made from plastic salvaged from the streets of Bogotá, the showrooms have persuaded the Colombian company, Conceptos Plásticos, that what they are doing in Bogotá could be replicated elsewhere in West Africa.

A plastic brick made by Conceptos Plásticos. Frank Hersey, FRANCE 24

Conceptos Plásticos’ plastic brick factory in Bogotá buys its material from 15,000 collectors, who work individually or in collectives. The company is now building a larger factory in Yopougon, a suburb of Abidjan, the commercial capital of Ivory Coast. Abidjan alone churns out 300 tonnes of plastic waste a day, of which only around 5 percent is currently recycled, typically by female pickers, according to Sophie Chavanel, head of communications for UNICEF Côte d’Ivoire.

For their part, UNICEF staff are confronted with serious health issues for the country’s children: malaria, diarrhoea, pneumonia. “We were looking for a way to fight plastic pollution that exacerbates diseases that can potentially kill children, mainly under 5 years old,” Chavanel told FRANCE 24.

Not only does plastic litter contribute to dirty water and associated illnesses, it also provides a breeding ground for mosquitoes, which carry malaria and can easily reproduce in rainwater collected in plastic detritus.

Plastic bottles held in a mosquito net in Abobo-Baoulé, Abidjan. Frank Hersey, FRANCE 24

Five tonnes of plastic bricks, each around 50cm long and much lighter than other types of building block, are required to build a classroom. When the factory is at full capacity, its 9,200 tonnes of brick will be enough to build more than 1,800 classrooms a year. UNICEF has agreed to buy enough bricks from Conceptos Plásticos for over 500 classrooms.
UNICEF estimates the country will need 15,000 new classrooms by 2021 and 30,000 by 2025. Using the plastic brick technique is approximately a third cheaper than conventional construction.
In a poor section of Abidjan, parts of which were recently torn down by the government for development, the École Primaire Publique (EPP) de Gonzagueville (public primary school) in the Port Bouët district is hosting several model classrooms, including the first prototype, identical to the ones used in Colombia. When it was built, staff, children and parents were asked for their feedback and when the next classroom was built alongside it, a wooden structure was incorporated for the roof, allowing for improved airflow.

The improved classroom with wooden roof structure built at EPP Gonzagueville following consultations with teachers and parents. Frank Hersey, FRANCE 24

“When I’m in my own classroom, I really want to just be in here instead,” one student called Abigail said, referring to the model, “Because here it’s really nice, there’s lots of things, it’s well decorated.” Her traditional classroom is noticeably hotter inside, featuring rows of benches.
Sitting in the prototype classroom that serves as the school’s nursery (the only public nursery in the district), EPP Gonzagueville head teacher Tirangue Doumbia echoed her student. “They’re almost beyond comparison. They’re like night and day,” she said. “Teachers and pupils can move around in these rooms, which they can’t in the others. Some of the other classrooms have over 120 pupils,” says the teacher. “It’s difficult.”
While the classrooms are welcome, the school needs more, plus toilet blocks and child-sized toilets. For now, teachers have to hold the smallest children over the latrines to prevent them from falling in.

“There’s no problem finding teachers, it’s classrooms we need. Teachers are being trained all the time and some can even do rapid training courses to help us,” adds Doumbia.

Children inside one of the traditional classrooms at EPP Gonzagueville. Frank Hersey, FRANCE 24

Plastic classrooms can be built in just a couple of weeks using trained workers, since the bricks are put together without using cement. The result is cooler and sturdier than structures built with traditional building methods and does not require repointing after the rainy season. The plastic walls are non-toxic, since no PVC is allowed in the mix. They can be left bare or finished with plaster or wood and, unlike with concrete walls, hanging items or affixing shelving is a simpler task.
The bricks’ lightweight quality also means that in remote areas where truck delivery would be impossible, the bricks can be carried using animals or even by hand. The addition of solar panels means the rooms can be built wherever there is a need. Teaching staff will be provided by the government’s education ministry.
“For UNICEF it’s an innovative way to partner with the private sector. In this partnership, Conceptos Plásticos brings the technology to Côte d’Ivoire, employs people from Côte d'Ivoire, provides better income to women collecting the plastic and contributes to clean communities,” says UNICEF’s Chavanel.
Local plastic pickers are already being introduced to the innovative concept. Women are being approached, says Chavanel, because: “We know that when you empower women, when they have a better income, it often goes to their children." Pickers currently earn around 1,000 FCFA (West African CFA francs) per day [approximately €1.50], but are at the mercy of middlemen. Currently, it’s difficult for pickers to determine which type of plastic middlemen will want to buy in a given week – flip flops, sheeting, or bottles.

Mounds of plastic belonging to individual waste pickers at Abobo-Baoulé, Abidjan. Frank Hersey, FRANCE 24

“We set out at 5am,” says picker Mariam Coulibaly, surrounded by heaps of plastic each belonging to a different picker on a patch of wasteland in Abobo-Baoulé, Abidjan. “We’re back by 10am. then have to see to the housework, then sorting, going out again picking at night from 7 until around 9pm, when we head home. Every day.”
She hopes that when they can sell the plastic they collect directly to the factory, conditions will be better: “They’ve said we’ll be able to sell the things it’s hard to sell normally like broken buckets and plates, and they’ll take them quickly." Coulibaly and the others in her cooperative each sell around 50kg of plastic per week, a figure which stands to increase, since the Conceptos Plásticos technique can employ any type of plastic.