2018年8月11日 星期六

與美國埃及裔原子能專家談Qattara抽水蓄能

                       Source: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/M_Ragheb2
          
四年前本人曾去函美國埃及裔原子能專家(相片) DR. MAGDI RAGHEB,  University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign | UIUC · Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering  

email: mragheb@illinois.edu  


Qattara: A hybrid perovskite solar cells and hydro-electricity model for electricity generation

Thank you for your explanation on the electricity generation of the Qattara depression. Under new circumstances, a more convenient hybrid concept of pumped storage and perovskite solar cells is available.

In four years' time, the perovskite solar cells will be available worldwide so the electricity generation of Qattara depression can be a hybrid concept:

1. A 24/7 hydro-electricity generation which directs the flow from the Mediterranean sea to the Qattara depression all year round;

2. When the sun rises from the east, a widest application of cheap perovskite  solar cells is more than sufficient to pump the sea water back to the Mediterranean sea and the process continues 365 days in a year.

The same concept applies to other depressions in the  Middle East and North Africa. 

Reference:  Pumped storage Qattara depression solar-hydroelectric power generation

 http://ragheb.co/NPRE%20498ES%20Energy%20Storage%20Systems/Pumped%20Storage%20Qattara%20Depression%20Solar%20Hydroelectric%20Power%20Generation.pdf

My concepts were put into good use in Chile.

中国电建承建阿尔及利亚首个大规模光伏电站并网发电

博主補充: 阿拉伯聯合大公國阿布達比的馬斯達爾城 Masdar City其多晶硅在烈日之下溫度竟高達80C.  這樣的高溫是絕對不利於光伏發電的.  撒哈拉沙漠比那裡更嚴苛了, 但多晶硅還是被採用了, 不能不說是一項紀錄.  這裡的成功說明了多晶硅的適用性能.  233兆瓦成功了, 2Gw, 20Gw 也會成功的. 這樣大裝機容量的光伏陣列幹什麽, 請參考: 

突尼斯龐大的沙漠太陽能熱發電供電歐洲 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102xho1.html 

氣候轉變之下的北非各國  http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102y7ln.html


                                                  Source: https://www.cder.dz/spip.php?article1768

阿尔及利亚首个大规模光伏电站并网发电 中国电建承建
中国电力建设集团有限公司  2018-01-23   http://www.sasac.gov.cn/n2588025/n2588124/c8515880/content.html


中国电建承建的阿尔及利亚233
兆瓦光伏电站项目巴特纳站(Batna, 紅點, 石漠)。
1月18日,中国电建承建的阿尔及利亚233光伏电站项目巴特纳站成功并网发电。这是阿尔及利亚国内首个大规模光伏电站,总装机233兆瓦,分为3个标段共15个电站,目前该项目15个电站中有14个电站完成并网发电,且通过临时验收进入质保期。
被美丽的地中海与浩瀚的撒哈拉沙漠包围,阿尔及利亚有着天然的光热资源优势。为充分利用国内的光热资源,阿尔及利亚政府制定了一份长期发展规划,计划至2030年投资600亿美元建设新能源发电,完成22000兆瓦的光伏装机容量。
中国电建作为“一带一路”建设的主力军之一,自2013年11月启动之初就力争把该项目建设成为中阿开启“一带一路”战略合作的标志性工程,凭借着丰富的国际施工经验和完善的管理体系,以及深耕细作阿国市场十余载积累的良好形象和口碑,一举中标343兆瓦光伏电站项目。233兆瓦光伏电站项目部共三个标段,16个电站,各个电站分布相对分散,从北部沿海到中部高原再到南部沙漠,纵贯阿尔及利亚全境,点多、面广、战线长、管控难度大。光伏电站经理部建立了一套责任明晰的有效机制,强化标段管理,加强各标段沟通。
项目注重本土化管理,拉动了当地就业。项目部雇佣了大批当地管理和劳务人员,采取“求同存异”的国际化管理模式,充分尊重当地的宗教信仰和风俗习惯,为外籍雇员提供相对优厚的工资待遇、公平可行的晋升通道和良好的工作环境,不仅在拉动当地就业、促进当地经济发展方面有着积极作用,更促进了国有企业“走出去”的本土化发展,加快了国有企业的国际化进程。
不仅如此,项目部还组织了12批次阿尔及利亚业主、技术人员共计百余人到中国学习培训光伏电站建设技术、运行维护管理等,为阿尔及利亚光伏电站储备了大量技术人才。

January 25 (SeeNews) - PowerChina (SHA:601669) has officially inaugurated the 233-MW photovoltaic (PV) plant it was working on in the southwestern parts of Algeria, subsidiary Sinohydro Corp said last week.
The solar complex is located in the province of Adrar 阿德拉爾(下圖紅點) . The PowerChina unit is part of a consortium, led by Chinese solar firm Yingli Green Energy Holding Co Ltd, that in late 2013 won contracts to design and build the PV plant.
The project comprises 16 separate solar parks, the first ones of which have already been put on stream. It is both the first utility-scale PV facility hooked to the Algerian grid and PowerChina’s largest solar engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) deal executed overseas to date, according to the press release.
The output of the solar farm will help avoid future power shortages in the region. In addition, the solar complex created 300 temporary jobs during its construction phase while 40 permanent jobs will be opened for its operation and maintenance.
PowerChina, also known as Power Construction Corp of China, provides engineering and construction services globally with a focus on renewables, thermal power and power transmission projects.



阿德拉爾(紅點)

延伸閱讀: The solar energy market in Algeria - German Energy Solutions  https://www.german-energy-solutions.de/GES/Redaktion/DE/Publikationen/Praesentationen/2017/170808-iv-algerien-myriam-fournier.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2


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阿尔及利亚计划2030年完成2GW光热发电装机


2015-2-27  轉載自:  http://www.cspplaza.com/article-4800-1.html

阿尔及利亚能源部长Youcef Yousfi日前透露,阿尔及利亚计划到2030年开发完成5GW风电和2GW光热发电装机。

  到2030年,所有可再生能源装机总计将超过22GW,到2020年将实现4.5GW可再生能源并网装机,如果阿尔及利亚实现这一目标,可再生能源到2030年将占全国总电力装机的27%,抵消掉对天然气发电22GW的装机需求。

  阿尔及利亚能源部长Youcef Yousfi在2月26日透露了这一消息,为激励开发商和消费者更多地开发和利用可再生能源,阿尔及利亚政府正在对其制定的20年期FIT电价补贴政策予以最终定稿,该政策发布后将大大促进该国可再生能源产业的发展。


  2015年2月,阿尔及利亚宣布计划到2030年完成5GW风电和2GW光热发电、13.5GW光伏装机,总计可再生能源装机达到22GW。 http://www.cspplaza.com/article-6575-1.html

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阿尔及利亚的槽式光熱發電:

Source: Google map

ISCC Hassi R'mel, The project consists of a 150 MWe hybrid power plant composed of a combined cycle and a 20 MWe solar thermal plant.

延伸閱讀: https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=44

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ISCC电站为开发纯光热电站打开经验之门

2014-7-26       轉載自:   http://www.cspplaza.com/article-3819-1.html

从摩洛哥到沙特再到科威特,ISCC联合循环光热电站已成为中东和北非地区开发独立型光热电站之前的一种理想选择,那么ISCC联合循环电站为何能在这些地区获得重视,这一趋势又能否在未来几年持续下去呢?

  摩洛哥在2010年开始建设Ain Beni Mathar这一世界上首个ISCC光热联合循环电站,阿尔及利亚和埃及紧随其后于2011年之前陆续开始建设,目前,这三个国家都有了自己的ISCC太阳能联合循环电站。

  这些ISCC电站都配置了从20MW~25MW不等装机规模的光热系统,但此后ISCC联合循环电站在经历了这样一波发展热潮后就陷入了沉寂,直到2013年沙特和科威特开始对各自的一个ISCC联合循环光热电站进行招标,ISCC电站看起来才重获生机。

示范性质

  从上述这些发展历程中可以得到证明的是,上述五国开发ISCC电站之时,均尚未建成一个商业化的光热发电项目,建设ISCC电站成为他们进行光热发电技术应用的首次经验性尝试。

  “我相信在建设独立型光热电站之前,建设ISCC电站可以降低项目风险,这将为我们开发大型独立光热电站积累经验。”Kassel大学热能工程系研究员Steven Meyers如是表示,他对工业热能系统中如何集合太阳能集热系统有专业研究。

  “一些决心开发光热发电项目的新兴国家市场欲求在建设大型的光热电站时获得足够的经验,以尽可能的降低风险。建设ISCC电站为其提供了一条较为稳妥的实验通道。”Meyers认为。




图:埃及ISCC Kuraymat电站(光热装机20MW)

  不像北非已建成的3个ISCC电站,沙特和科威特直接选择建设大型的ISCC电站,如沙特的550MW的Duba1项目,将采用50MW的光热系统与500MW的燃油发电厂进行联合循环,科威特将开发的280MW的Abdaliyah项目则计划配60MW的光热装机。



图:摩洛哥ISCC Ain Beni Mathar电站(光热装机20MW)

  Meyers表示,“这些项目的成功实施对光热发电产业的发展是至关重要的,在中东北非地区,如果项目最终的运行效果不好将使人们对该技术产生怀疑,这将导致越来越少的国家去投资建设类似的项目。”


图:阿尔及利亚ISCC Hassi R'mel电站(光热装机25MW)

  显然,这些项目依然带有实验的性质,对沙特而言,这将使沙特原子能和可再生能源城(K.A.CARE)在发布大型光热电站的项目招标之前,对光热的实际应用效果有更深入的理解。对科威特而言,ISCC电站的成功实施将证明科威特规划的2000MW的Shagaya可再生能源园区进行大规模光热发电项目开发的可行性。该大型太阳能园区计划2030年建成。

三重收益

  建设ISCC电站的背后逻辑是,其可以带来三重收益:即增加传统化石燃料的燃烧效率,与传统电站共用基础设施,降低项目投资风险。Meyers表示,“将两种不同类型的发电技术进行混合应用的收益是十分明显的:建设这样一个电站,如电力岛、电网接入系统、空冷系统、BOS组件等均可以共用,这也意味着降低了CSP系统的整体投资。”

  运行期间,CSP系统可以提供高峰能源需求,以削减化石燃料的消耗,或增加电力产出,这在夏季用电高峰期的优势将尤为凸显,ISCC电站在高环境温度下可能会导致效率下降,CSP系统的应用可以弥补这一点。特别是,海湾国家和地区有更为便宜的传统化石燃料,或如埃及有廉价的生物质燃料,这些国家对ISCC的概念应该更感兴趣,因为这意味着其可以更好地与CSP系统进行集合。

  如果你计划建设一个传统电站,同时你又拥有可以增加光热发电系统的多余土地,在光照资源合适的地区,你可以考虑ISCC的方案。国际金融公司IFC的能源和基础设施研究员Christopher Cantelmi也如是认为。“光热发电系统的成本将因为其与传统电厂共用相关系统和设备而降低,同时从融资方面考虑,对于一个ISCC项目,其获得融资支持相对更为容易一些。”
因为在那些地区有很多的开式循环燃气轮机机组,效率并不太高,通过增加一个蒸汽回收再热系统来将之转变为一个闭式循环发电系统,从而实现能量的更大程度利用。从根本上来说,ISCC联合循环电站将有利于降低国内化石燃料的消耗,使更多化石能源用于出口来创造收益,或将化石能源应用于其它能产生更高附加值的领域中去。

技术选择

  ISCC电站的选址是首先面临的一个挑战。在中东北非地区,热电站一般位于海岸线附近,这样方便进行水冷,同时可以将海水淡化系统与火电厂进行综合利用。但光热发电系统在海岸地区并不太适合,海岸线地区的高浓度气溶胶等自然环境条件将对光热发电系统的运行产生不利影响,同时DNI也将受到影响而削减。

  Meyers表示,“MENA地区要建设ISCC电站,通常还是选址于已建火电站,自然环境条件会产生一些不利影响。光热系统需要尽可能地靠近火电厂,以降低集合成本。最先进的菲涅尔光热系统已经证明可以直接生产出450摄氏度的高温蒸汽,可以直接并入火电厂发电。”

  塔式系统也能够直接生产出这样的高温蒸汽,但对于蒸汽发生而言,塔式技术整体的成本可能过高,其也更易收到尘埃等空气微粒的影响而对系统效率产生不利影响。

  槽式系统是最成熟的可bankable的技术,也是应用于ISCC电站较多的技术。但是其蒸汽温度在400摄氏度以下,与火电厂进行集合时,需要增加废热回收蒸汽发生系统(HRSG)发电,这将增加一部分投资成本。

  菲涅尔技术虽然也会有同样缺陷,但可能要好一点,菲涅尔系统与火电厂进行集合可能是最为简单的,投资也是最低的,菲涅尔技术是经调研认为最适合ISCC和混合发电项目的光热技术路线。

  虽然如此,北非的三个已运行的ISCC电站均采用了槽式技术,而对于沙特和科威特将开发的ISCC电站,最终的技术路线尚未确定。

  多个媒体报道称科威特Abdaliyah ISCC电站将采用槽式技术,但直到7月23日,官方都未宣布最终的技术方案,因此还不能完全确定。另一方面,沙特Duba1项目正在进行项目的EPC方招标,最终的技术路线也未确定。

  着眼于未来,这两个ISCC电站是否意味着未来ISCC将获得更大的发展?Meyers认为并不确定,“很难确定ISCC电站是否将在MENA地区成为一个发展趋势,因为目前来看,这种技术的应用装机规模还十分小。新规划的类似项目也很少。但可以确定的是,在MENA地区,几乎每个国家都希望尝试建设一个ISCC电站,我相信ISCC电站未来在MENA地区的应用将比其它光热发电市场更为普遍。”


  可以确定的是,ISCC电站的建设可以为未来建设“纯光热电站”积累经验并打下铺垫,并使光热发电项目在MENA地区更易获得银行的可融资性认可。
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亚洲首个槽式太阳能-燃气联合循环(ISCC)发电站日前在宁夏回族自治区破土动工,有望为中国太阳能热发电产业的发展提供新模式。
  该项目由宁夏哈纳斯新能源集团投资22.5亿元建设,电站位于盐池县高沙窝毛乌素沙漠边缘,规划容量92.5兆瓦,预计2013年10月建成投产。项目建成后预估年发电量相当于每年节约标准煤10.4万吨,与相同发电量的常规火力发电厂相比,每年减少二氧化碳排放量21万吨。
  哈纳斯新能源集团总裁马富强介绍说,ISCC(即一体化太阳能联合循环系统)发电系统是将槽式太阳能热发电系统与燃气轮机发电系统相结合,利用太阳能和天然气发电后的高温烟气作为加热热源联合循环产生动力进行发电,可避免因自然条件造成的发电设施闲置问题,较常规槽式太阳能发电厂和常规燃气-蒸汽联合循环发电厂总体热效率可提高25%。同时,“联合循环”保证电站成长时间稳定供电,可增加电网的安全性。

轉載自: http://dianyuan.ofweek.com/2013-06/ART-8321001-8100-28692263.html

2018年8月4日 星期六

香港人花錢買紙皮木, 結實硬木送堆填區

香港實施回收四電一腦,  但什麼時間才會回收木材? 

電視節目常反映這裡那裡大規模砍樹, 認為是不環保, 本地垃圾收集點大批可重复使用幾十年的半新不舊木材, 由於無人燒柴和缺乏木匠, 一般就會被迅速運往堆填區, 垃圾收集管理人員認為從此就會搞好環境達致天下太平. 不少結實硬木, 松木(七至八成新)就被視作完成歷史任務廢品, 越快被送往堆填區越好.

根據消防法例, 大門和廚房門必須經得起四十五分鐘的隔火(焚燒), 以保障住户的消防安全 https://www.bd.gov.hk/chineseT/documents/code/FRC%20%20Part%20II.pdf    .  新業主現時買得起高價樓, 一般不會吝啬點錢裝修, 換大門是經常有. 這樣巨大的一片實心木, 若落在能工巧匠手裡,可以翻花樣變出很多旅游產品和藝術品,甚至可以用機械臂雕刻屏風, 賣上好價錢.

一般年輕人追求時髦, 上著名北歐傢俬超市買回紙皮木傢具, 這些紙皮木板一經沾水便會腐爛, 用不了幾年, 沒有人會願意接手擁有.  北歐有一望無際的樹林, 要是都做成木材傢具那才珍品哩!

家居便秘如何自己解决(之ニ)?

買一斤黄豆, 用水煮至軟, 一星期之內分多次喫完, 少食多餐.  臨睡前煮沸以確保質量,  這樣黃豆過夜便不會變壞.  若與甘薯同煮, 湯水甚甜, 老少咸宜.


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家居便秘如何自己解决(之一)?  http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102y2tv.html



2018年7月29日 星期日

澳洲回收公司用廢輪胎轉製鋼、柴油

 文章轉載自:    https://e-info.org.tw/node/114435


摘譯自2016年3月31日ENS西澳,伯斯報導;姜唯編譯;蔡麗伶審校
澳洲一家回收公司運用獲愛迪生獎肯定的創新技術,宣佈於今年開始全世界第一個工程用輪胎(off the road,OTR)回收業務,用廢棄的工業用輪胎生產鋼、柴油和碳,品質高,可再進入市場銷售,真正做到資源再利用。
這家Tytec Recycling公司的董事長芬奈爾(Brett Fennell)表示,輪胎回收不易,特別是採礦或農用的OTR輪胎回收,在過去幾乎不可能。
大多數輪胎回收方法有多達六個步驟——移除輪圈、切碎輪胎,接著磨碎輪胎。最後一步是用磁力吸出剩下的鋼料,出售磨成粉的橡膠,用於運動場地、兒童遊戲區或馬術場地表面;而要從舊輪胎萃取出油和碳,則另外需要熱解反應器。
這樣的輪胎回收過程相當耗時耗能,而且很昂貴。輪胎越大越貴,越需要維護,每個步驟也越困難。
目前,廢棄的OTR輪胎只能埋在礦場或堆在環保署許可的礦場周圍區域。
但現在,Tytec Recycling運用澳洲綠色乾餾科技公司(Green Distillation Technologies Corporation,GDTC)的獨家破壞性乾餾技術,可把廢棄的OTR輪胎變成可銷售的鋼、柴油和碳。這項技術可把廢輪胎中高達85%的未使用能量轉換成碳和油的形式,不須預先處理,而且沒有碳排放。唯一產生的廢物流是熱能。
輪胎回收過程產生的所有產品都可被再利用。油如果不當作化石燃料或精煉成烴,可以作為熱源,和化石燃料混合產生炭黑。碳可以作為熱源或農業添加物,鋼則可進入廢鋼市場。
這個技術也為GDTC奪得2015年的「愛迪生資源管理或再生資源獎」。Tytec Recycling持有全球唯一的OTR與農用輪胎破壞性乾餾法技術執照。
芬奈爾說,「我們已經研究如何有效率地回收OTR輪胎九年。分解輪胎的方式有許多種,但是沒有一種能有效率地分解OTR輪胎。」
「破壞性乾餾法能讓一步回收整個OTR輪胎。我們的持續加熱技術能源效率非常高,而且碳排極低。我們的反應器溫度和壓力都低得多,系統作業員的安全也比較有保障,同時減少設備耗損。」他說。

World First: Tire Recycling Yields Steel, Diesel, Carbon
PERTH, Western Australia, March 31, 2016 (ENS)
Tytec Recycling, a new company based in Perth, announced Wednesday that it would open the world’s first environmentally-friendly off the road tire recycling operation this year.
The facility will employ a new Edison Award-winning technology to make high-quality marketable steel, diesel oil and carbon out of the old earthmoving tires used in mining and agriculture.
“We’re currently on track to begin OTR recycling in June 2016 and will open our purpose-built recycling center in Perth in January 2017, then Queensland soon after,” says Brett Fennell, Tytec Recycling’s chairman.
Currently, used off the road, OTR, tires are buried under mining dumps or stacked in EPA-approved areas around mine sites.
Tire recycling has always been difficult, and for mining and agriculture’s cast off tires it has been “nearly impossible,” Fennell said.
Now, using Edison Award-winning technology from the Green Distillation Technologies Corporation, GDTC, Tytec Recycling will convert these outworn tires into steel, diesel oil and carbon.
Based in Melbourne, Green Distillation Technologies Corporation has developed a proprietary destructive distillation technology capable of recycling end-of-life tires of all varieties into saleable commodities of carbon, oil and steel.
GDTC recovers up to 85 percent of the unused energy in an end-of-life tire in the form of carbon and oil without pre-processing and is completely emission free. The only waste stream is heat.
All products from the tire recycling process can be used. The oil can be used as a heat source, blended with fossil fuels, used to make carbon black, instead of fossil fuels or further refined into other usable hydrocarbon products. The carbon can be used as a heat source or an agricultural additive, the steel goes into the scrap steel market.
For this technology, GDTC received a 2015 Edison Award in the Resource Management or Renewable Resources category.
The Tytec team has been unfailingly persistent. “We’ve been working on a way to efficiently recycle OTR tires for the past nine years,” says Brett Fennell, Tytec Recycling’s chairman.
“There are plenty of ways to break down tires but none of them are effective for OTR tires,” he explains.
Most tire recycling requires up to six steps – removing the steel beading from tires, cutting the tires into small pieces, then shredding or grinding the tire cuttings.
The final step is to perform magnetic sorting to remove any remaining steel for sales of crumb rubber, often used on athletic surfaces, playgrounds and equestrian footings.
To extract oil and carbon from the old tires, an additional process using pyrolysis reactors is required.
The current recycling process is time-consuming, energy intensive and expensive. The larger the tire, the more costly, maintenance intensive and difficult each step becomes.
“The Destructive Distillation process that Tytec uses allows a whole OTR tire to be recycled in a single step,” says Fennell.
“We’re using continuous heating technology that’s incredibly energy efficient and results in extremely low emissions. Our reactors operate at a much lower temperature and pressure, providing the added advantage of being safer for system operators and reducing the wear and tear on the plant,” he explains.
Tytec Recycling holds the only global technology license for the Destructive Distillation process for OTR and agricultural tires.

2018年7月28日 星期六

古巴用舊輪呔種植,這辨法可否在戈壁模仿(仿效)?

北方戈壁沙漠風沙吹得勁, 種下的小苗一晚便給埋了.  舊輪呔橫豎沒用, 也多得很, 不妨放在戈壁沙漠作擋風欄柵. 古巴行, 咱們也行.  
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古巴圖文資料來源:  http://www.rthk.hk/tv/dtt31/programme/exploringtheedibleplanet2/episode/513195        (有片)


古巴頻密下雨,  用大輪呔墊高來預防洪水沖走農作物.





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 The basic components from which tires are constructed include pigments, chemicals, more than 30 different kinds of rubber, cord fabrics and bead wire. 

Manufacturing Process:
The process of building tires begins with the mixing of basic rubbers with process oils, carbon black, pigments, antioxidants, accelerators and other additives. Tires are formed on machines and heated at over 300 degrees Fahrenheit for 12 to 25 minutes. 

Petroleum Products Used:
Petroleum products account for approximately 22 percent of the materials used in the average tire. This equates to between 5 and 10 gallons of petroleum products, usually crude oil, natural gas or other hydrocarbons.  Source: https://thegrownetwork.com/are-old-tires-or-treated-wood-safe-in-gardening

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A scientist at Plant and Food Research says toxic chemicals can leach out of the rubber.
Brent Clothier, a production scientist at Plant and Food Research, responded:
I wouldn't recommend growing food in unlined car tyres.
They are typically made of (relative weights) natural rubber (100); zinc oxide (3) and stearic acid (5) as activators; carbon black (50) as reinforcer; process oil (5) as self-adhesion; antioxidant (1); accelerator (0.5); and sulphur (2.5) as vulcanising agent.
Also during their original use they pick up, on the outside, hydrocarbons from the road surface and emissions from cars. Lining would be prudent, if not essential.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has no worries about tyres being used for containing vegetable gardens, but tyre mulch or ash is a definite no-no as the zinc is more readily leached out and can make the soil toxic.
One study of the soil under a 10-year-old tyre dump in the UK showed elevated soil cadmium, lead and zinc concentrations, and these decrease exponentially with distance away from the pile.

Where large numbers of tyres have been burnt, nothing grows.

We have raised gardens at home made out of treated timber, and I made plastic linings to separate the wood from the soil inside.
In most treated timber it's the CCA (copper, chromium & arsenic) that leaches out. Arsenic is the most mobile.
A 2011 study (Environ Health Perspective, 2011 Jul 1; 119(7): 989–996) showed that of standard new plastic items a large percentage leached traces of chemicals having detectable estrogen activity. A few parts per billion may be detrimental to young mammals.
Send questions to Ask-A-Scientist,  email questions@ask-a-scientist.net  Source: https://www.stuff.co.nz/science/76438466/ask-a-scientist-can-i-grow-vegetables-in-old-tyres
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                                                           Source:   科威特的沙塵暴   www.rthk.hk/tv/dtt31/programme/sciencewithyou/episode/513365
                                                                                   http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102y8ve.html

西班牙沙漠太陽能照亮歐洲

博主猜測:  西班牙人口4,642萬, 佔地50萬平方公里,  有冠軍電池 Grabat Energy   https://www.grabat.es/en
現時一般地區太陽能已能與火電同價, 西班牙則可能比火電更低, 已經能夠給歐洲帶來能源獨立,  或者要告別撒哈拉太陽能了.  歐洲各國的人喜歡南下在西班牙買渡假屋, 用西班牙電和電池也就是可接受的了.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy_in_the_European_Union#/media/File:SolarGIS-Solar-map-Europe-en.png

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圖文轉載自:  http://en.rfi.fr/europe/20180728-france-portugal-spain-build-undersea-power-line



(L-R) French President Emmanuel Macron, Portuguese Prime Minister Antonio Costa and Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez at the Energy Interconnections Summit in Lisbon on July 27, 2018. PATRICIA DE MELO MOREIRA / AFP


The three countries agreed Friday to build a power line in the Bay of Biscay (紅點)with the aim of integrating electricity links between the Iberian Peninsula and Europe.




After a meeting in Lisbon, leaders from the three countries announced a deal to finance construction of a power line nearly 300 kilometres long in the Bay of Biscay linking south-west France to northern Spain.
The European Commission said in a Friday statement that it will invest 578 million euros in the power line, “the largest ever awarded to an energy infrastructure project” by the EU.
The statement adds that the power line “will double by 2025 the exchange capacity between France and Spain”.
Portuguese Prime Minister Antonio Costa called the Bay of Biscay line "a very important step” at a joint press conference with French President Emmanuel Macron and Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez on Friday.
The Iberian countries hope the power line will allow their domestic energy companies to have a larger share in the EU electricity market. Just six percent of Spain’s electricity is currently interconnected with the EU, according to the European Commission, which has set a target of 15 percent for the coming years.
Renewable energy boost
Leaders from the three countries said the Lisbon deal also aims to increase renewable energy production and lower carbon emissions.
Portugal is one of the EU’s “leading countries in renewables”, according to the European Commission, with “more than half of electricity consumption” supplied by sources like hydro and wind since 2014. The country has also seen cases of “renewable power production surpassing total electricity consumption”.
The deal is part of the EU’s broader energy transition, according to Macron, who reiterated on Friday that France aims to close its coal plants by 2022.
Natural gas and EU energy sovereignty
In addition to the two natural gas pipelines linking the Iberian Peninsula to France through the Pyrenees mountain range, Madrid and Lisbon would like to be build another pipeline in Catalonia, the semi-autonomous region in Spain's northeast.
However, Reuters has reported that a study commissioned by the EU found the proposed pipeline in Catalonia would not be economically viable due to the projected high costs – three billion euros in total.
For France, the project’s budget is cause for concern. But Macron said he was open to developing natural gas and potentially building more pipelines, if “gas consumption in Europe remains significant”.
Building more pipelines in Europe would further the EU’s goal of increasing its energy independence.
According to the European Commission, the bloc imports 69 percent of its natural gas. In 2017, 37 percent was imported from Russia, and nearly 20 percent from Algeria and Qatar.

延伸閱讀: 西班牙的太陽能產業  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Spain

西班牙東南部本納斯沙漠 (280 平方公里):


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernas_Desert

https://kknews.cc/zh-hk/travel/lzrlzz2.html

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由於資產貶值、營運衰退、財務支出增加,西班牙能源及工程大廠Abengoa去(2016)年大虧76億6,200萬歐元,較2015年財損多出6倍,於股東會宣布將出售其美國子公司AtlanticaYield、汽電共生廠A3T、燃氣複合循環發電廠Norte III及在墨西哥之Zapotillo水道以支付公司重整衍生之新債務。未來亦計畫出售其在墨西哥之複合循環發電廠A4T、西班牙Trajo醫院、迦納及印度清奈之海水淡化廠、南非太陽能電廠Khi及Xina Solar One、阿爾及利亞之太陽能-燃氣複合電廠Hassi R'Mel及海水淡化廠。轉載自: https://www.greentrade.org.tw/zh-hant/purchasing_info/西班牙能源大廠abengoa將出售美國及墨西哥資產-0

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European Commission - Press release

European solidarity on Energy: Better integration of the Iberian Peninsula into the EU energy market

Brussels, 27 July 2018

In the presence of the European Commission, the Prime Minister of Portugal António Costa, the President of France Emmanuel Macron, and the President of the government of Spain Pedro Sanchez will meet in Lisbon today to strengthen their regional cooperation in the framework of the Energy Union.

Leaders will take stock of the important progress achieved in better integrating the Iberian Peninsula into the internal energy market and will formally agree on ways to strengthen the regional cooperation between Spain, France and Portugal.

European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker said: "Today's event shows the value of European solidarity and regional unity. By agreeing on steps forward to complete the energy interconnections between France, Portugal and Spain and ways to enhance our regional cooperation, we are strengthening the security of energy supply across Europe, and delivering on our promise to make Europe number one on clean energy and renewables. The world looks to us for leadership in these turbulent times. Let's show just how much unity can achieve.”

Commissioner Miguel Arias Cañete said: "This summit will showcase the commitment of the Juncker Commission to get the hardware of the Energy Union built on the ground and make a difference. A solid and resilient energy infrastructure is also essential to encourage regional action in new areas, such as renewables and energy efficiency. This will help us deliver on our Paris Agreement commitments. I am particularly pleased by the signing of a grant agreement for the power line crossing the Bay of Biscay, the largest investment in energy infrastructure under Connecting Europe Facility ever awarded. It is good for Spain and Portugal, good for France, and good for Europe”.

Commissioner for Climate Action and Energy Miguel Arias Cañete will be present on behalf of the Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker. The Vice-President of the European Investment Bank Emma Navarro will also attend the meeting.

Since the Juncker Commission took office, the integration of the Iberian Peninsula into the internal energy market has been a priority. By supporting the construction of the necessary infrastructure, the EU's goal is to end the energy isolation of this part of Europe, whilst improving energy security, giving consumers more choice, and spurring economic growth and jobs. These interconnections are also essential for renewable energy sources to thrive and make Europe world number one in renewable energy.
Underlining the EU's willingness to complete the Energy Union and fulfil its commitments under the Paris agreement, the leaders will sign the Lisbon Declaration that clearly sets out the way forward. It builds on the Madrid Declaration from March 2015 which launched the integration process and set up a High Level Group chaired by the Commission to steer progress. A grant agreement for the power line crossing the Bay of Biscay totalling €578 million, will also be signed at the occasion. It will be the largest Connecting Europe Facility investment ever awarded to an energy infrastructure project. With 280 kilometres of electricity interconnection, the link will double by 2025 the exchange capacity between France and Spain and bring Spain closer to the 15% interconnection target contained in the new regulation on the governance of the Energy Union.
Background
The lack of sufficient interconnection capacity remains an obstacle for the creation of an electricity market in South-West Europe and has prevented Iberian energy companies from fully participating in the EU electricity market. With an interconnection capacity of only 6,000 MW, Spain and with it, Portugal remains largely an energy island that does not participate fully in the European electricity market. This interconnection capacity also puts them behind the 15% interconnection target contained in the recently adopted regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union. Since the Juncker Commission took office, energy interconnections between the Iberian Peninsula and the EU internal market have been boosted considerably.

Examples of progress:
  • Biscay Bay line: with 280 kilometres of electricity interconnection, it will double by 2025 the exchange capacity between France and Spain, bring Spain closer to the 10% interconnection target set by the European Council (from the current level of 6%) and will integrate the whole Iberian Peninsula into the internal electricity market. At Lisbon, it was awarded €578 million in Connecting Europe Facility-Energy grants, the largest ever awarded to an energy infrastructure project.
  • Santa-Llogaia-Baixas/INELFE project: the completion in June 2017 of the phase-shifter transformer in Arkale, Spain, enabled the full utilisation of the Santa-Llogaia-Baixas interconnection between Spain and France, doubling the electricity interconnection capacity between both countries. These investments co-financed by the European Commission made it possible for Spain to help France and show solidarity during periods of supply-demand stress during the winter of 2017.
  • Interconnection project between Spain and Portugal (Ponte Lima – Vila Nova Famalicão - Recarei (PT) and Beariz - Fontefría (ES)): it will allow Portugal to attain the 10% level of interconnections by increasing the current interconnection capacity level to 3.2 GW. The commissioning date of the project is planned by 2021.
  • Pyrenean crossings: two projects to increase the electricity interconnection capacity between Spain and France across the Pyrenees are under consideration. A first link concerns Cantegrit in France and Navarra in Spain, and the other one Marsillon in France and Aragón in Spain.
  • Val de Saône gas pipeline: it will contribute to Spanish and Portuguese access to the European Gas Market when completed by end 2018.
  • STEP project: aims at increasing the bidirectional flows between the Iberian Peninsula and France and improve the interconnection with the internal gas market through the development of the Eastern gas axis, including a third interconnection point between Spain and Portugal.
Financing
In addition to the financing opportunities provided to infrastructure projects of common interest (PCIs) under the energy window of the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) and the European Structural and Investment Funds, the European Fund for Strategic Investment (EFSI) (the so-called “Juncker Plan”) supports key interconnection projects, therefore accelerating and complementing the current structure of European financial assistance. The proposals for the next EU budget for 2021-2027 include a new energy window under the Connecting Europe Facility, with a budget close to 1 billion euro (€865 million), to nurture Member States cooperation on cross-border renewables projects.

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新华社里斯本7月28日电(记者 章亚东 张柯)葡萄牙、西班牙和法国27日在葡萄牙首都里斯本举行的第二届能源互联峰会上正式签署了三国能源互联协议。

  根据协议,西葡两国同欧洲的能源互联水平到2020年达到10%,2030年达到15%。此外,欧盟委员会将投资5.7亿欧元在西班牙以北的比斯开湾建造一个用于连接西班牙、葡萄牙和法国的电力互联项目。

  早在2015年初,三国政府就签署了一揽子能源合作计划。分析人士认为,相关计划将加快欧盟内部的能源联网进程,使欧盟能源需求逐步减少对外部地区的依赖。欧盟计划在2020年达到其10%的电力和天然气供应实现联网。

  葡萄牙总理科斯塔、西班牙首相桑切斯和法国总统马克龙在会后举行了联合新闻发布会。马克龙表示,最晚到2022年,法国将关闭所有煤电厂。

  科斯塔说,葡萄牙计划到2020年使清洁能源占比超过60%,葡萄牙在逐步减少煤电行业投入的同时寻求清洁能源出口。他表示,在能源互联网上的投资对获取更便宜、清洁和安全的能源至关重要。

  桑切斯也表示,向清洁能源转型是西班牙的目标,西班牙将在保障国家安全的前提下进一步降低能源成本。Source: http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-07/28/c_1123190631.htm