2017年2月10日 星期五

智利抽水蓄能籌十億美元半年無消息

最新消息: https://twitter.com/valhallaenergia

 智利北部的阿塔卡马沙漠区有价值连城的矿藏，年光照时间达到2400小时，比西藏更长，而且平均温度只有25摄氏度，因此光伏发电率高于中东北非澳大利亞等炎热的地区。就光熱發電CSP來看, 它更拥有全球最高 DNI 辐照值. 

 玻利維亞的烏尤尼鹽沼 Salar de Uyuni  (深最少 5 公尺, 一萬平方公里, 海拔 3,500公尺) 現時仍有數百萬噸鋰礦未開採, 估計不能用作抽水蓄能.
Source: Google map (純白的便是烏尤尼鹽沼)

Source: https://twitter.com/valhallaenergia 你知道智利是太陽輻射最高的嗎？
Source: https://twitter.com/valhallaenergia 你知道智利是太陽輻射最高的嗎？



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以下為 Valhalla.cl 網頁圖片: (純白的便是烏尤尼鹽沼)

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圖文轉載自:   http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/09/location-location-location-massive-pumped-storage-solar-pv-project-closer-to-reality.html

Location, Location, Location: Massive Pumped Storage + Solar PV Project Closer to Reality

The company is completing the last mile as it seeks to find the strategic investment it needs to build the project.

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2017年2月7日 星期二

可再生能源的突破模式在耶羅島 El Hierro

可再生能源的突破模式
綜述資料來源: 搜索短片 The Breakthrough of Renewable Energy, backlight.vpro.nl

西班牙耶羅島,1492 哥倫布到了這裏, 覺得這裏是中世紀舊世界的盡頭, 但亦是航海家通往新世界之門. 它1982 還未有電力, 後來和其他小岛一樣是靠昂貴的燃油發電. 它面對浩瀚的大西洋有無窮無盡的風力. 近日新型風力發電機逐漸普及加上地理優勢遂以抽水蓄能風力發電全面取代燃油(經過近30年討論), 還有足夠的電力以逆滲透方式去生產2,400立方米/天的淡水.

Tomas Padron, founder of hydroelectric power station
Source: http://www.rthk.hk/tv/dtt31/programme/sciencewithyou



Source: http://www.science-et-vie.tv/programme/les-maitres-des-elements-4552.aspx

 歐洲新能源基金經理把這裏的實驗成功視作可再生能源導致全球化石能源改革的模式.它節省了從前每年花費上千萬人民幣的燃油費,
這個小島(人口壹萬九百六十人)得以重新投入建設和開發, 過上幸福的生活.

2015 迪拜水電管理局太陽能光伏園招標錄得破紀錄低價, 為每度電 5.84 美分無補貼 (博主注:2017的新成本價為每度電 2.99美分, 比迪拜目前正在建造的一座煤电厂的发电成本低了三分之一). 股神畢菲特開始投資風能和太陽能, 但他不是投資在技術研發上, 他只購買項目, 表現出正在建立大型風能和太陽能投資組合. 這顯示出一個新的時代正在降臨, 資本家對可再生能源綠色的賺錢機會給予認可和重視. 一旦可再生能源的價格較化石燃料便宜的格局開始形成, 加上智慧電網與電動車(最少200架, 以荷蘭 Utrecht 烏德勒支 LomboXnet.nl 為例) 從源頭上穩定了可再生能源的供給, 大型機構投資者便會對號入座, 魚貫入場. 這批持有130萬億至150萬億美元的機構投資者很快便會抱怨機會不夠分配. 2013 SolarCity 是成功的第一個太陽能綠色証(債)卷化市場集資, 搞手Mike Eckhart, Citigroup 亦因為得償所愿而延遲了2年退休.
光伏和風能的價格趨向於平穩這對穩定本土經濟有大貢献, 它不似油價, 煤價波動大.
可再生能源帶來的能源獨立對國際政治起着一個安定而穩當的支持,
世界和平便有一個更廣泛的基礎.


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圖文轉載自:http://euanmearns.com/el-hierro-another-model-for-a-sustainable-energy-future/
跟縱報導: http://euanmearns.com/el-hierro-portal/

El Hierro – another model for a sustainable energy future

Posted on November 14, 2014 by Roger Andrews
For many years El Hierro, the most westerly of the Canary Islands, obtained its electricity from an 11.36 MW diesel-fired plant that supplied erratic and expensive (€0.242/kWh) power to the 10,920 residents of this scenic tourist destination:.........
El Hierro landscape
Then on June 27th of 2014, culminating a process that began in 1997, the island proudly inaugurated its new renewable energy system, which will replace the diesel-fired generation with hydro and wind and eliminate 8,700 tonnes of CO2 emissions and save €1.8 million in fuel costs each year. 
(博主注: 燃油费每人每年1,380港元, 二人家庭2,760港元, 三人家庭4,140港元. 四人家庭5,520港元
人民幣每人每年 1,218.3元, 二人家庭2,436.6元,  三人家庭3,655元, 四人家庭4,873元
1Euro = 8.374 HK$ =7.391RMB). 

Renewable energy enthusiasts were predictably ecstatic. Even ENEL, Europe’s second largest utility, hailed El Hierro as an example of how sustainable development can be made to work:


 El Hierro has realised its dream of achieving a sustainable ecosystem. The island, which was designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 2000, has actually become a global model of sustainable development in which technology, renewable energy and protection of the environment come together in a single project, one that is set to become a benchmark for the global energy market.
But will it?

 El Hierro location
The El Hierro system is still in the start-up/testing phase so no operational data are as yet available. The operating concept, however, is a novel one that combines wind power and pumped hydro storage in the opposite sense to the way they are usually combined. Instead of the pumped hydro being used as load-following backup for the wind power, the wind power will be used to keep the pumped hydro reservoirs full, allowing the hydro plant to function as a baseload and load-following generation source.

The system has three basic components – an 11.5 MW wind farm, a 380,000- cubic-meter upper pumped hydro reservoir in a conveniently-located inactive volcanic crater at 709.5 meters elevation and a lower 150,000-cubic-meter reservoir at 56 meters elevation. The system layout is shown below. The Spanish labels will hopefully be interpretable:

 Hydro/wind plant layout
And here are the individual components:
The upper reservoir, in an inactive volcanic crater
The lower reservoir and the hydro plant
The wind farm
On the face of it the El Hierro plan looks workable, even elegant. Hard numbers on exactly how it’s going to work, however, are difficult to find, although one thing we do learn from the quote below is that the system is designed to provide only about two-thirds of the island’s electricity, not 100% as some articles claim:

A production study has been carried out for the hybrid hydro-wind plant. The results obtained are that total demand on the island is 47.4 GWh. Available wind energy is 49.6 GWh. Wind energy that can reliably be produced during periods of demand is 25 GWh, with 9.2 GWh for pumping and 1.8 GWh for synchronous compensation. Hydroelectric production is expected to be 5.6 GWh, and in the end the hydro-wind plant is expected to provide 30.6 GWh during periods of demand, for a total of 64.56% of total energy needed for the island.
Below is my summary of facts, assumptions, deductions and suppositions gleaned from the information that is available. Selected data sources (as is usual in cases like this there are a large number of articles that say the same thing) are listed at the end of the post.
Cost:  The system was expensive. Capital costs are given as either €64.7 million (€5,600/kW installed) or $US112 million ($9,700/kW installed) depending on which source one consults. Between a third and a half of the cost was financed by the Spanish government, again depending on the source of information.
Hydro storage capacity & duration: I can find no published storage capacity estimates for El Hierro, but scaling down the Dinorwig pumped hydro plant in Wales (7 million cu meters of reservoir storage, 500 meters head, 1.72 GWh) to El Hierro dimensions (0.15 million cubic meters, 650 meters head) gives approximately 50 MWh, or about half the island’s average daily electricity consumption. If this estimate is correct the hydro system will be able to supply the island’s needs for only about twelve hours after the wind stops blowing, assuming it was fully charged to begin with.
Wind generation:  According to the italicized quote above annual “available wind energy” is 49.6 GWh, and since this is in line with the 47.4 GWh annual demand I am assuming that 49.6 GWh is what the 11.5 MW wind farm is expected to generate. But it has to run at a 49% load factor to generate this much electricity in a year, and while the Canary Islands are indeed windy this seems a little optimistic. As illustrated in the graphic below the Canaries experience periods when the wind doesn’t blow, just like the UK, and it blows twice as hard there in the summer as it does in the winter – the opposite of the UK, but still creating a seasonal balancing problem:
Canary Islands wind speed data (sources Magic Seaweed and Windfinder)
And with only five wind turbines in operation we can also expect that breakdowns and scheduled maintenance will make significant dents in output from time to time. The fact that the pumped hydro system is only ~80% efficient also implies a further ~20% loss of input wind energy.
There may well be factors I haven’t considered, but based on the available information it’s questionable whether the El Hierro wind farm will generate enough electricity to keep the hydro plant running year-round.
Water availability: No information is provided as to where the water to fill the pumped hydro reservoirs and keep them topped up will come from, although it’s obviously coming from somewhere or the photos wouldn’t show the reservoirs with water in them. The reservoirs aren’t in major catchments so natural inflow will be minimal. Fresh water is also in short supply on El Hierro and much of it comes from sea water desalination plants that burn a lot of electricity. Hopefully the reservoir water isn’t coming from them.
The capacity differential between the upper and low reservoirs: As far as I can see the productivity of the hydro system is limited to the 150,000 cubic meter capacity of the lower reservoir – unless the plan is to drain this reservoir into the ocean after it’s full, whereupon the problem becomes how to replace the lost water. And if this isn’t the plan then 230,000 cubic meters of the 380,000 cubic meters of water in the upper reservoir is effectively unusable. Am I missing something here?
Performance of the hydro plant: The hydro plant has a capacity rating of 11.3MW, comfortably in excess of peak demand (7.6 MW), and to generate the 47.4 GWh needed to satisfy annual consumption it would have to operate at a load factor of 48%, which is not beyond the bounds of feasibility. So if the wind turbines can generate enough power to keep the reservoirs topped up the hydro system should be able to fill demand.
Finally comes the question of the fate of the 11.36 MW diesel-fired power plant that has historically supplied the island’s electricity. It’s going to remain in service “to be used in exceptional or emergency situations, when there is neither sufficient wind nor water to produce enough electricity to meet demand.” This sounds like a wise precaution.
Although the locals don’t expect they will ever have to fire it up:


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2017年2月4日 星期六

温哥華禁天然气就是禁中餐加價八成

博主分析: 在加價壓力下小用戶紛紛轉向電磁爐, 剩下為數不多的食肆還在堅持抗拒. 天然氣經營者流失了大部份客戶只有繼續加價求存. 建議多向溫哥華銷售大小不同功率電磁爐. 香港中華厨藝學院應分享十多年使用電磁爐經驗. 
卑詩  British Columbia  天然氣加價八成
轉載自: 加西新聞 2016年9月21日

http://www.vtvan.com/2016/09/卑詩天然氣加價八成/page/368/?pagedvar=5794470668bd1

【記者陳明清溫哥華報導】卑詩天然氣公司9月13日宣布將於10月1日調升天然氣收費，加幅達80%，公司預估每戶使用天然氣的家庭每月平均要額外支出82元。
FortisBC 的發言人13日說，雖然貨品市場今年的價格只調升26%，但公司需顧及多方面的因素，並歸咎北美天然氣需求的上升和產量的下降。他稱，公司收取的價格由卑詩省公共事業委員會（B.C. Utilities Commission）每三個月審批一次，價格並非由他們決定，他們支付的費用也與客戶支付的一樣。
而價格是預計的費用，並非以實際用量來計算，如果實際的費用低於向客戶收取的費用,公司必需向客戶退還當中的差額。發言人補充，在過去幾年中，公司一直有向客戶退還多收的費用。
聲明中還指出，那些參加「顧客選擇計劃」（Customer Choice Program）固定價格的用戶不會受到這次漲價的影響。

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禁天然气就是禁中餐
温哥华市政府重申餐厅可用天然气 中餐业忧心忡忡

轉載自:明报 2016年09月28日        
https://www.mingpaocanada.com/van/htm/News/20160928/vas1h_r.htm

温哥华市府压抑碳排放计划再度引起争议，有餐饮业界人士担心该计划将变相限制食肆使用天然气，亦有中式餐饮业者表示，中菜一向重视镬气，「禁天然气就是禁中餐」，严重破坏中国饮食文化。温市政府昨日急澄清，重申市府无意禁天然气，计划目的是提高建筑物的能源效益。

温市议会今年7月通过「零排放建筑计划」(Zero Emissions Building Plan)，订下目标要所有新盖建筑在2030年前达致零碳排放，另外温市要在2050年前全面依赖再生能源，包括减少属于化石燃料的天然气使用量。
卑诗餐厅协会行政总裁托斯膝森(Ian Tostenson)对《温哥华太阳报》表示，限制天然气使用的计划引起餐饮业界的愤怒和不满，批评政策模糊，制造混乱甚至恐慌。他又说，全市1200间食肆几乎全部使用天然气烹调，大部分是小型食肆，无可能找到符合经济的替代方法。
中菜一向讲究镬气，天然气炉是必备的炉具，卑诗亚洲餐饮业东主商会会长钟日刚对本报表示，限制使用天然气对中餐馆影响很大，基本上所有菜式都无法完成，如果只能用电炉，后果实在不能想像，亦相信业内没有一位厨师可以克服这个问题，因此有信心该计划不能顺利推行。

钟日刚表示若市府决意执行，「禁天然气就是禁中餐」，将影响中国饮食文化。他笑说，届时中餐馆只能用电磁炉经营火锅生意。他又说，其严重性比早前禁食鱼翅的争议更大，又说不排除市府的做法将影响下届选举的形势。


「零排放」提高建筑物能源效益

对于业界的批评，温市政府昨日急于澄清。温市政府可持续发展部门总监史密夫(Doug Smith)回覆本报时多次强调，市府无意禁天然气，目的是提高建筑物的能源效益。因此，在该计划下食肆仍可以安装及使用传统的天然气炉，而去到2030年至2050年间，市府将积极引入再生天然气(renewable natural gas)，代替传统天然气。
史密夫举例指食肆届时可以自行利用厨余生产再生天然气，用作烹调，以达致零碳排放目的，又指该生产技术目前已经存在，虽然未算普及，但相信20年后会有另一番景象。他又表示，目前暖炉和热水炉的天然气耗用量较煮食炉大，所以市府会先把注意力集中前者。

对于业界仍然对计划存有误解，史密夫表示过去一个星期已经透过不同渠道作出澄清，昨日下午亦主动联络了托斯膝森解释计划内容，而对方亦承诺会向协会成员转达信息。
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2017年2月1日 星期三

国内首个沙漠“林光互补”示范项目获批

2016-11-18 光明网－经济频道　http://economy.gmw.cn/2016-11/18/content_23021289.htm2016-11-18 13:18:53来源：光明网－经济频道作者：责任编辑：胡菁菁


近日，内蒙古林业厅下达文件，对鄂尔多斯市林业局上报的库布其沙漠1GW光伏复合生态发电项目列入“林光互补”治沙产业示范基地及争取重点专项资金的请示予以回复。
复函原则上同意内蒙古亿利资源集团利用库布其沙漠建设1GW光伏、光热发电项目，防沙治沙，宜林地造林绿化相结合的一种新规划，并将该项目列入内蒙古“林光互补”综合治沙产业示范基地。
据记者了解，这也是全国首个沙漠“林光互补”示范项目。库布其沙漠1000MW生态太阳能光伏、光热发电治沙发电综合示范项目，规划光伏发电800MW、光热发电200MW，项目总投资约109.17亿元，治沙面积78000亩。据悉，项目完全租用农牧民未利用荒沙地进行建设。

记者目前，该项目已成功建成310MW光伏治沙并网电站，是目前国内一次性建成的最大光伏发电项目之一，也是国内首个治沙光伏项目。据业主方透露，项目整体建成后，社会效益、生态效益、民生效益、经济效益显著。


项目现场

现场照片
库布其沙漠是中国第七大沙漠，“库布其”为蒙古语，意思是弓上的弦，因为它处在黄河下像一根挂在黄河上的弦，因此得名。古称“库结沙”、“破讷沙”，亦作“普纳沙”。库布其沙漠是距北京最近的沙漠。位于鄂尔多斯高原脊线的北部，内蒙古自治区伊克昭盟杭锦旗、达拉特旗和准格尔旗的部分地区。总面积约145万公顷，流动沙丘约占61%，长400公里，宽50公里，沙丘高10—60米，像一条黄龙横卧在鄂尔多斯高原北部，横跨内蒙古三旗。形态以沙丘链和格状沙丘为主。
据亿利资源工作人员介绍，光伏组件不仅能发电，还能遮光、挡风，在沙漠里可减少蒸发量800mm/a，降低风速1.5m/s。光伏组件的下面、组件阵列之间灌溉系统采用微喷、膜下滴灌、渗灌等节水技术，比常规沙漠种植及灌溉模式节约用水90%以上，提高植物成活率30%以上。由于种植的甘草、苜蓿等植物具有生物固氮作用，土壤肥力逐年增加，土地逐渐由荒沙变为沃土，实现了土地增值。
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在众多多晶硅应用中，令人印象深刻的一个实例是，在我国腾格里沙漠边缘的一处60MW光伏电站。起初建站时，这些太阳能电池板下方还是一片沙漠。渐渐地，由于电池板遮挡日照，减少了地面水分蒸发，沙化严重的土地上慢慢长出了草。后来，电站管理部门养了二十几只羊去吃草，到如今羊群已繁殖出了上百只。光伏电站的建设，除了进行发电外，还帮助当地实现了生态修复、绿色养殖。轉載自: http://www.china5e.com/news/news-989051-1.html


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2017年1月31日 星期二

北歐海盜維京人Vikings對歐洲的影響

博主解說:  

幾年前在香港免費電視頻道看過一套電影詳細介紹了現在發達工業國家很多典章制度是源出自北歐海盗, 如陪審團判案, 三權分立, 放棄阿拉伯菜餚之金色香甜追求北歐著重牛油及食材原味, 又如今天日常消費的北歐牛油曲奇, 傢具連鎖店, H&M 時裝, 沃爾沃, 乃至諾貝爾獎. 因此若設中原文化為農耕文化, 歐洲則為北歐漁業南下殖民化和農牧文明工業化. 沿着殖民化和工業化的方向去理解近代史會很有收獲.

博主分析: 怡和洋行公司的標誌乃蘇格蘭國花——薊花, 一旦蘇格蘭成功加入歐盟,  這間顧佣着三十萬香港人的公司将呈現更多北歐特色.


The Impacts Vikings Had On Europe?

轉載自: Donald C, a History teacher B.A. in History. 9 years agohttps://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080618173925AAzlyv8

1. Political Impact: 
The Vikings travelled to many places in their longboats, and as the raided 燒殺殖民, 南貨北運 they forced many formerly isolationist states to make feeble little alliances. Later, as they became more traders than raiders, they were to travel down the rivers and seacoasts to found new trade towns, that eventually became cities. 
A good example of this is when they travelled down the Muscovy River, and founded Rus, and the trading post that would become Moscow. Their attacks on Britain and Ireland, along with their eventual settlement and integration into the British cultural mix, would ensure that a more independent, not affiliated with Rome and the Catholic church, would eventually develop. Their cultural heritage is still evident in the north of England, where most of their influence was strongest. 
In the lands that later became Holland, they mixed with the Batavians 巴達維亞人, and created a particularly financially motivated, sea-faring people. Iceland and Greenland were originally founded by Vikings.  A part of the Imperial Guard of the Byzantine Emperors were Vikings. 

2. Religious Impact: 
Vikings had their own religion, that of the very masculine and warlike Pantheon of Aesgard, with Odin, Thor, Freia, and Loki. 
They despised the "weak" religion of Christians, and helped again to ensure that the Roman catholic form of Christianity did not take firm hold in the North of Europe. Later, when they became Christian, this had to be done as a careful compromise and mixing. We see proof of this mixing with the calendar days. Wednesday "Odin's Day", Thursday "Thor's Day", and Friday "Freia" Day. 
Preference for local church authority and traditions, over distant Roman control, was to grow into a movement much later, in northern lands, that was early protestantism. 

3. Technology: 
The longboats and their superior methods of construction were to lead to better ship construction in other lands, as other northern countries tried to copy, but not as well, these remarkable ships. These ships, given large enough size, were the first craft to reliably be able to cross large expanses of ocean, including the North Atlantic. 
Viking weapons were made from higher temperature forges 鍛造, thus also creating stronger steel This would also lead to a lasting smithy tradition in the northern countries, which created better arms. Traces of this can be still found in the steel mills of modern Europe, like the Krupp steelworks which made German weapons during the First and Second World Wars. 

4. Cultural: 
Look to to answer on religion. 
5. Military: 
Their contribution was the seaborne raider, and the formations they created while fighting numerically superior forces. One cannot discuss military without mention of the "Berserker". In an attack where the Vikings were heavily outnumbered, one or a few of the Vikings would simply declare that "Today is a good day to die.", and prepare for a bloodthirsty, suicidal assault. His arms and legs would be tied off tightly, to prevent him from dying to quickly due to injuries, and allowing him to fight on, only slowly bleeding to death. A Berserker's reward for his sacrifice was the belief that 2 Valkyrie maidens would then descend from Aesgard, to take him to Valhalla (The great hall where Odin and the other gods sit, and be seated to the left of Odin, his seat place depending on the bravery or number of enemies he has killed). 

6. Language: 
North German, Batavian (Early Dutch), Danish, Swedish, Finn, Norwegian, and English all have been influenced or can be directly attributed to the language of the Vikings. Beowulf 貝奧武夫英雄敘事長詩 is an example of this language, as it is somewhere between Danish and Ancient Briton/Saxon. Many Danes had settled in Britain, and the Royal houses of both Viking lands and Britain were closely intertwined. The Normans who invaded England in 1066 under William the Conqueror were actually descendents of "Norse" men. The Saxons of Germany and Harald Hrothgar, the defending King of England at Hastings in 1066, were related or descendants of Vikings. Anglo-Saxon is a direct result of the Vikings. 

7. Economic: 
The trade routes established by the Vikings were maintained by the later dutch, which was to result, later, in the Dutch Trade Hegemony. For hundreds of years, world trade was to be mainly conducted from dutch ships. 
Other factors that would have a later effect would be in their contributions to exploration. Markland and Vinland were abandoned, and not properly recorded so as they were not credited with being the first Europeans to discover America. Some things though, did live on. The Viking sagas 長篇敘述 of exploration were given to exaggeration, and most people didn't believe them, but they did reach the ears of other Europeans. It has been a matter of great deliberation, as to whether Columbus had seen the "Vinlandia" map, before getting his idea to sail across the Atlantic. 
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