英国维多利亚女皇遺傳血友病,紫质症之謎

博主解說: 2011 年香港免費電視頻道播放下列電影:

Haemophilia and Porphyria - Royal diseases from Tainted Blood (2011, 網上免費), 指出俄國以及西班牙革命爆發皆因其王子患上血友病, 追溯原因都是迎娶了英国维多利亞女皇的公主作皇后所致. 这些公主又与歐洲其他皇室聯姻, 導致了血友病在歐洲皇室中的廣泛傳播和蔓延, 所以血友病又被稱为皇室病。 研究革命史不可不看.

網上專題電影免費欣賞,

請搜索:

Haemophilia and Porphyria - Royal diseases from Tainted Blood

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

中文版:

历史皇室爆发的10种可怖疾病 http://www.qian10.net/2015/07/17/16979 

原文    http://listverse.com/2015/05/22/10-terrible-diseases-that-ravaged-historical-royalty/

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

欧洲皇室血友病的历史 有完整而精详的家谱，给医学遗传学家留下了珍贵资料

轉載自:  http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_13e7e3ca90102ws7i.html 血液病知識庫

　　提到血友病，就不得不说英国女王维多利亚了——她应该算是现任伊丽莎白女王的曾曾祖奶奶。

　　从维多利亚正式在位，直到 1914年一战打响，英国一直处在强盛的「日不落帝国」时期，也被称为维多利亚时代。然而也正是因为她，欧洲王族成了血友病的聚集区。

　　欧洲各王室之间历来有通婚的习俗。1840年，维多利亚女王与她的表弟阿尔伯特成婚，并生育九个孩子。但因为维多利亚本人是血友病基因携带者，她把这种一基因遗传给了其中几名子女——幼子利奥波德亲王是血友病患者，后来也证实，另有两位公主，也成了血友病基因携带者。这些成员又与欧洲其他皇室的联姻，导致了血友病在欧洲皇室中的蔓延。

　　因为血友病是首先在欧洲皇室发现，且在欧洲皇室广泛传播。所以血友病又被称为皇室病。

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

以下文章轉載自: www.anusha.com/secret.htm

著者Sam Sloan  薩姆·斯隆，紐約州國際象棋選手，2012, 2016年美國總統候選人

Victoria's Secret: Who was Queen Victoria's real father?

Queen Victoria, next to Queen Elizabeth I, is regarded as the greatest British monarch ever. However, her great tragedy is that she carried with her the gene for hemophilia. Hemophilia is a blood clotting disease which is caused by a defective X chromosome. Women have two chromosomes. Men have only one. For this reason, men are much more likely to have hemophilia than women, because if one X chromosome in a woman is defective and the other is OK, she will not get hemophilia. Victims of hemophilia often die at an early age, so men with this disease rarely live long enough to reproduce.

A woman has two X-chromosomes but only one of them goes to each child. This means that half of the male children of a female hemophilia carrier will have the disease and half of the female children will carry the disease but will not get it.

The only way a woman can suffer from hemophilia is to get the defective gene from both of her parents. By far the most likely way for this to happen would be for her parents to be related to each other. For this reason, almost all societies have incest taboos that brothers and sisters cannot marry each other, because of the possibility of hemophilia and other genetic diseases.

It is also not a good idea for cousins to marry each other. However, in Middle Eastern Countries like India it is still common for cousins to marry. This is done because of the dowry system and to keep the money in the family. It was also common until recently in Europe and in Colonial America. For example, Thomas Jefferson married both of his white daughters to their cousins. This was done because it was thought to strengthen the purity of the blood.

The Royal Families of Europe at that time were almost required to marry each other. For example, if a girl was a princess, she had to marry a prince. He did not have to be a prince from her own country, however. For example, a princess of England could marry a prince of Spain, of France, of Germany or of any other place. It did not matter what he was a prince of, as long as he was a prince of something.

Disaster struck when Queen Victoria turned out to be a carrier of the defective X-chromosome which carries a gene for hemophilia. Queen Victoria had nine children and all of them married into the royal families of various countries of Europe. In this way, all of the Royal Families of Europe caught the gene for hemophilia. Among the nine children of Queen Victoria, three, Alice, Leopold and Beatrice, are known for certain to have had the gene for hemophilia.

For example, Queen Victoria had a daughter named Alice Maud Mary, Princess of SAXE-COBURG. Her daughter was Alexandre Fedorovna, Czarina of Russia. She married Czar Nicholas II of Russia and their son was Alexis Nicolaievich Romanov, who had hemophilia.

As can be seen from this example, the defective X-chromosome can be carried hidden down an unbroken line of females until a male child is born who is afflicted with the disease.

It has often been stated that hemophilia hit the Royal Families of Europe because of inbreeding. However, this was not really true. First, it was a common practice among all families of Europe, both high and low, to marry cousins. Also, the royal families of Europe were not really that inbred. The fact that a princess from Germany could marry a prince from Russia provided more diversification than perhaps could be enjoyed by common people, who usually married within their own town or village.

An often unnoticed fact about the case of Queen Victoria is that she was the first member of European Royalty to carry the gene of hemophilia. The question then arises: From where did she get that gene?

The inescapable conclusion is that, since no other member of European Royalty prior to Queen Victoria had hemophilia, this must mean that some unknown man who was not royalty popped her mother. In other words, stated differently, Queen Victoria was a bastard! More than that, since virtually the entire European royalty is descended from Queen Victoria, this means that all of the Royal Families of Europe are bastards! (Of course, we already knew that!)

Now, the question is: From where did this bastard gene originate?

While the defective X-chromosome could have come from a long way up the female line, it turns out that we do not have to look far to find a likely suspect, because something seems to be strange or irregular about Queen Victoria's father. Her supposed father was Edward Augustus, son of King George III. (You remember him. He was the one who lost the colonies.) Edward Augustus was born 2 November 1767 and died 23 January 1820. He married only once. That was to Victoria Mary Louisa of SAXE-COBURG, whom he married on 11 July 1818. She was the mother of Queen Victoria, who was born on 24 May 1819. She was the only child.

Doesn't this seem a bit strange? Edward Augustus was the son of the King of England. He presumably could have had any woman he wanted. King George I, King George II and King George III were all known to have had many mistresses and illegitimate children. Yet, Edward Augustus, who would have been the King of England had he lived longer, did not get married until age 51, and then fathered a child who was born only ten months after he got married, and then he died only eight months after Victoria, the future queen, was born.

What do I think? I think that Edward Augustus was a gay 同性戀 blade 蛮横任性 who got married as a cover up and that he was not Queen Victoria's real father. I think that Queen Victoria's real father was an unknown hemophiliac 血友病患者 who died probably very soon after fathering Victoria and almost certainly was dead by the time that Queen Victoria was born.

What do you think? 

繼續閱讀 Wikipedia : Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Legitimacy of Queen Victoria

-------------------------------------------------------

維基百科的解釋 (摘自 Legitimacy of Queen Victoria)

Hæmophiliacs were unlikely to survive in the early nineteenth-century, given the poor state of medicine at the time.^[7] Indeed, life expectancy was 11 years or younger, even into the later half of the twentieth-century,^[8] and is still as low in developing countries.^[9] Nor is there evidence of hæmophilia in either Conroy's ancestors or descendants, or any mention of any hæmophiliacs in any document associated with the Kents. It is likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because the Duke of Kent was in his 50s when Victoria was conceived; hæmophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers,^[10] and spontaneous mutations account for about 30% of cases.^[11]

With regard to porphyria (which famously George III may have had), there is no genetic evidence that the royal family even had the disease and its diagnosis in George III's case (and others) has been questioned.^[12] If the diagnosis of hereditary porphyria is correct, it may have continued among descendants of Victoria. At least two of her descendants, Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen, and Prince William of Gloucester are suspected of having suffered from it.^[13]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

英国皇室噗瑳症、紫质症:

Source: http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/hanover_15.html

Porphyria in the Royal Family

The porphyrias are a group of disorders connected with the production of haem, which is used to make haemoglobin in red blood cells. There are seven different types of porphyria and in most cases they are inherited. In each type, there is a lack of one of the enzymes which controls one of the steps in haem synthesis. This means that substances that are made during the process leading up to haem synthesis (including porphyrins) are overproduced and can build up within the body and cause symptoms. Symptoms vary greatly and can include abdominal pain, nervous system problems, mental health problems and skin problems.

The theory that King George III suffered from Variegate Porphyria was first put forward in 1966 by a British mother/son psychiatrist team, Ida Macalpine and Richard Hunter, citing the tell-tale symptom of purple urine as proof.

They confidently put forward their claims in a paper in the British Medical Journal entitled "The Insanity of King George III: A Classic Case of Porphyria", which was followed up in 1968 by a further paper "Porphyria in the Royal Houses of Stuart, Hanover and Prussia". The theory formed the basis of a long-running play by Alan Bennett, The Madness of George III, which was later adapted for film starring Nigel Hawthorne in the title role.

George III's recurring bouts of illness resulted in withdrawal from society to recuperate out of the public eye at Kew Palace, near Richmond. George was often violent and talked incessantly and often obscenely for hours at a time. He was subjected to the appalling medical treatment of the day, bound and gagged and strapped into a chair for hours. His urine was reported to have been blood red by his physicians.

George eventually made a recovery and in the following twelve years suffered only slight attacks of his illness. In 1810, he suffered a total relapse, from which he was never to recover. The Queen continued to visit her husband but he failed to recognise her. His eldest son, George, Prince of Wales was appointed Regent. As it became apparent that George's illness was this time permanent, even Charlotte, his once devoted wife, sadly ceased to visit him.

The King existed at Windsor Castle for the next ten years, neglected and unkempt, a blind and deaf octogenarian. Even in his insanity he never forgot his exalted status, although he ceased to shave and now had a long white beard, he always wore a purple dressing gown with his Garter star pinned to his chest. He was reported to have had lucid moments when he agonized pitifully on what he had become. He was never informed when Queen Charlotte died in 1818. At Christmas, 1819, George suffered another violent attack of porphyria, after talking incessantly for fifty-eight hours he sank into a coma. He was mercifully released from his nightmare existence by death on 16th February, 1820.

It was further theorised that George inherited the disease from his five greats grandmother Mary, Queen of Scots, although this part of the theory is subject to debate. Mary's symptoms included gastric ulcers, rheumatism and hysteria. She also experienced bouts of abdominal pain, lameness, fits and episodes of mental disturbance since her teens. It is assumed Mary inherited the disorder from her father, James V of Scotland. Both suffered documented attacks that could be described of symptoms of porphyria.

Mary's son James I and VI is also often cited as suffering from the condition. According to one historian, James suffered from itchy skin, gout and abdominal pain. James' physician kept detailed notes on his royal patient, which describe his urine as being 'purple as Alicante wine' - a sign of porphyria. Macalpine concluded that all those symptoms added up to a mild case of porphyria.

Among other descendants of George III claimed to have suffered from porphyria were his granddaughter, Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales, the only child of George IV and his first cousin, Caroline of Brunswick. The princess was pregnant with a child which was expected to be the heir in the next generation to the British throne. She went into labour on 3rd November, 1817, the birth proved to be difficult and protracted, Caroline's ordeal lasted for fifty hours. Finally the child was born at nine o'clock on 6th November, it was a boy, born dead. Though Charlotte seemed at first to be recovering well from her horrendous ordeal, she complained that evening of severe stomach pains and began to vomit. She later developed a pain in her chest, before going into convulsions. It has been suggested that Charlotte may have died as a result of porphyria.

George III's 2 greats granddaughter, Princess Victoria, Queen Victoria's eldest daughter, and her daughter Princess Charlotte of Prussia, (born 24 July 1860), were further suspected of suffering from the condition. Charlotte described in her letters to her physician of suffering terrible pains in the abdominal area which wandered around her body, being lame, having blisters all over her face and of having dark red urine. References to similar symptoms in the correspondence of her mother Vicky, has been uncovered.

Her daughter, Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen (born 19 May, 1879) is also claimed to have suffered from the disease. Recent medical tests performed on the remains of Charlotte and Feodora, who committed suicide at the age of 66 in 1945, have revealed that both probably suffered from porphyria. DNA tests carried out Princess Charlotte's remains revealed a mutation that affected the gene that codes for protoporphyrinogen oxidase (which controls the transition from step 5 to step 6 in haem production).

Frederick the Great of Prussia (1712 - 1786) a grandson of George I, is believed to have suffered from an acute form of porphyria, like his relative George III. He experienced regular vomiting and temporary paralysis in addition to widespread nerve pain.

Adelaide of Prussia (1891-1971), a descendant of George III's grandfather George II, was also confirmed by Mac Alpine and Hunter as a further royal porphyria sufferer by a study of her medical records conseerved in the Thuringian State Archives in Meningen.

Queen Victoria's III's 2 greats grandson Prince William of Gloucester, (eldest son of Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, a son of King George V), a first cousin of the Queen, who died in air crash in 1972 at the age of 31, was reliably diagnosed with variegate porphyria.

In August 1968, Prince William was examined by Dr. Henry Bellringer, at the request of the his mother, Princess Alice of Gloucester. William was found to be suffering from fever and cutaneous hepatic symptoms, beginning in December 1965 and lasting several months. He had since noticed that his skin was prone to a blistering rash, particularly on exposure to sunshine. The sum of Prince William's symptoms were typical of porphyria..

Dr. Bellringer tentatively diagnosed porphyria, although he was aware of the theory of the royal family's history of porphyria then being put forward by Macalpine and Hunter, he stated he "tried not to let it influence him...with all the symptoms, I was left with little option but to diagnose the Prince's condition as porphyria." William was later examined by haematologists at Addenbrookes hospital in Cambridge and also by a Professor Ishihara in Tokyo, both of whom also concluded he was suffering from variegate porphyria, by then in remission.

參考:

Purple Secret: Genes, 'Madness' and the Royal Houses of  Europe,

John C.G. Rohl 1999

The Victorians, A. N. Wilson, (Hutchinson, 2002). ISBN 0-09-179421-8, page 25

Were Queen Victoria and Prince Albert both illegitimate? A N Wilson 4 March 2009
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1158993/Were-Queen-Victoria-Prince-Albert-illegitimate.html#ixzz4Vk5FePVJ