2017年12月14日 星期四

香港3/4天台宜裝太陽能板 理大:產電可供一成用量






【明報專訊】理工大學研究顯示,本港30.9萬幢樓宇之中,有75%適合引入安裝太陽能板,每年可產生 46.74億度電,佔全港用電量約一成,相等於減少排放300萬公噸溫室氣體。學者推算整體造價約300億元,承認要回收成本至少要20年或以上,希望政府提供補貼,以鼓勵私人市場投資安裝太陽能板。
明報記者 馬耀森
環境局:已聘顧問研究
環境局發言人回應稱,機電署已委聘顧問就在天台及外牆上安裝太陽能板發電系統的潛力、障礙和限制作研究,為日後制訂政策的工作提供參考資料。
發言人又指上月公布的《香港氣候行動藍圖2030+》,指出政府與電力公司商討新的《管制計劃協議》時,會研究如何進一步推動可再生能源發電,包括改善可再生能源系統接駁電網的安排,以及探討在下一協議期內引入上網電價及可再生能源證書制度的可行性,以提供誘因促使這些電源上網。
政府過去曾評估指本港地少,太陽能板成本高昂,生產太陽能的潛力有限。理大土地測量及地理資訊學系,以及屋宇設備工程學系合作,以多種科技評估可安裝太陽能板的樓宇數量及面積,包括採用激光雷達成像技術產生的高解像數據,將全港分為44億格,平均每格0.25平方米,以標示出全港樓宇天台可用空間,再剔除天台的設施,計算實際可用空間。
雲層平均 近半日子有陽光 發電有優勢
理大又分析天文台數據,顯示香港雲層覆蓋率平均,地區差異不大,全港18區一年內均有四至五成日子有陽光,認為在港推行太陽能發電有優勢。
結果顯示,全港約有23.3萬幢樓宇適合安裝太陽能板,合共提供2800至3900公頃天台面積,相當於147個至200個維園 (三十九平方公里)。
理大土地測量及地理資訊學系助理教授黃文聲指出,港島中環至灣仔一帶的臨海商廈,以及多幢地標建築物如海運大廈、文化中心及會展天台的天台可使用率高達九成以上,較適合安裝太陽能板。
全港安裝造價300億
理大屋宇設備工程學系副教授呂琳估算,若全部大廈天台安裝太陽能板,牽涉造價約300億元,但太陽能板的能源成本回本期最多3年,以太陽能板的25年壽命計算,3年後的餘下年期便是「零污染」的電力。
呂琳承認,目前本港太陽能發電成本偏高,每度電約2元,較兩電電價為高,但內地大量生產太陽能板,每度電成本僅0.5港元,較煤或天然氣發電為低,估計若本港大規模採用太陽能板,相信會具競爭力。

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以下為香港理工大學原文  https://www.polyu.edu.hk/cpa/excel/tc/201703/viewpoint/v1/index.html
香港電力消耗龐大,發電資源以煤和核能為主,使用再生能源的比率低於1%。然而,本港97%的二氧化碳排放的源頭來自發電,可見發展不會帶來環境污染的再生能源刻不容緩。土地測量及地理資訊學系黃文聲博士和屋宇設備工程學系呂琳博士對香港採用太陽能光伏發電的可行性進行了研究,並分析其研究結果。
太陽能光伏發電有甚麼優點?
太陽能光伏電能是一種潔淨能源,其應用可與建築物外牆、頂部和窗戶結合,不會佔用額外土地空間。太陽能光伏組件甚至可以取代傳統建築物外牆結構,有助減少使用其他建築物料。
請簡述你的研究。
為分析在香港投資發展太陽能光伏發電的可安裝容量、發電量和環保效益,我們首先建立了一個太陽輻射傳輸模型,用以計算本港每年的太陽輻射量。我們亦採用了高清空載激光掃描技術和地理資訊系統所收集的數據,計算全港樓宇頂部或天台的可用面積,從而估算在樓宇頂部設置太陽能光伏系統的潛力。
研究有甚麼發現?
太陽能輻射傳輸模型收集的數據顯示,本港一年內有五成以上日子享有陽光,因此非常適合發展太陽能發電。另外,我們亦發現在全港三十萬九千棟樓宇中,有二十三萬三千棟適合於頂部或天台安裝太陽能光伏系統,總面積合共三十九平方公里。每年可生產達46.74億度電,相等於香港全年總用電量的10.7%,令每年的溫室氣體排放減少三百萬公噸。
在香港發展太陽能光伏發電有甚麼限制?
購置和在本地合適的樓宇頂部或天台安裝太陽能光伏系統的成本高達三百億港元,是中國內地的三至四倍。
在降低成本方面,你有甚麼期望?
購置和安裝成本看似高昂,但只需兩至三年已可回本。光伏系統組件平均壽命為二十五年,即可提供供應二十五年的「潔淨」電能。

另外,香港的光伏技術市場現時仍然較小,但隨著市場容量增長,成本將會下降。最理想是由政府提供補貼,確保選用太陽能光伏發電的費用與選用傳統發電技術電費相若。

延伸閱讀:  http://aesc.hkbu.edu.hk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/%E7%B0%A1%E4%BB%8B%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6_1.11.2016.pdf
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国内首条光伏公路诞生  http://www.qljfjt.com/detail_3129.html

2017-12-05  OFweek太阳能光伏网    http://www.china5e.com/news/news-1012650-1.html
你一定想象不到,交通产业跟新能源产业组合在一起,会擦出什么样的火花。近日,国内首段光伏公路现身济南,吸引了交通与新能源界的关注。
据了解,该路段长度约2公里,整段公路采用了“承载式光伏路面技术”,将收集到的太阳能转化为电能,从而实现太阳能发电,预计在2017年底正式通车。
光伏公路可靠吗?
据了解,光伏公路这一项目是由齐鲁交通发展集团投资建设。早在2016年12月,该项目就得以启动。在今年9月就完成了长约160米、面积约660平方米的光伏路面示范区。如今将其延长至2公里并正式运用在公路上,需要克服的困难不在少数。
从技术角度来看,整段公路采用了“承载式光伏路面技术”。所谓“承载式光伏路面技术”就是将符合车辆通行条件的光伏发电组件直接铺设在路面上,利用太阳能发电。当然,光伏发电组件也不是直接裸露在路面上,在其上方还铺设了一层“透明混凝土”加以保护。
同济大学交通运输工程学院张宏超教授科研团队为这一光伏公路项目提供了核心技术。从2009年提出设想,到今天正式运用,张宏超带领的科研团队研发的承载式光伏路面的技术指标和通行安全系数均超过当前普遍使用的沥青混凝土路面,强度和性能上已能满足车辆正常行驶的需求,使得这段光伏公路不仅能承载小型车辆的行驶,还能承载大中型货车通过。
不过也有业内人士对此表示不赞同。首先,公路上来往车辆很多,本身就对路面形成遮挡,加上车辆长期路过碾压路面,极有可能造成太阳能电板震动以及尘土覆盖路面的情形。如此一来,要想保证稳定、持续发电的良好发电效率并不理想。
另外,光伏公路相比柏油马路成本要昂贵得多,由此带来的维护成本也会相应增加,例如需要更换不可避免的破损的面板,以及维护由于日常通行以及恶劣天气等外力因素的剧烈冲击所造成的技术性损伤。
光伏路面早有先例
其实关于光伏路面项目早有成功实施的先例。在2006年,美国一对科学家夫妇就提出“光伏路面”的设想并着手研究。他们研发的一种太阳能电池板 (Solarroadways),表面的材质是超耐磨的特殊玻璃,最高承重可达125吨,能保证汽车行驶在太阳能电池板上方也不会对其造成损伤。
官方曾将Solarroadway、混凝土、沥青三种不同路面材料进行对比,结果Solarroadway在强度、摩擦力等方面均胜一筹,唯一的不足就是其成本太高。这对科学家夫妇表示,最初的太阳能电池板每块成本约6900美元,至少比传统的沥青道路成本高出50%,要想把全美国的路面都换成太阳能公路,其花费将是天文数字。
而全球首段光伏路面于今年5月在法国西北部图鲁夫尔欧佩尔什镇正式投入使用。这是目前世界上第一段真正可供机动车行驶的“光伏公路”。
这段长1公里、宽2米,单向行驶的“光伏公路”上铺满了方形太阳能板。在不占用额外空间的前提下,这段公路平均每天能为城市发电近800度,年发电量约28万度,可满足一个5000人口小镇的日常用电量。、
光伏路面带来的好处
1.发电量充足
首先从电力方面来看,这样的光伏路面每平方米一年的发电量可达239度。以山东省的高速公路为例,该省高速公路紧急停车道总面积达2600多万平方米,假如全部铺设上光伏组件,正常情况下年发电量将达62.17亿度,发电效益60.93亿元。
相关数据统计表明,截至2016年底,我国公路里程为458万公里。假如公路仅两车道约321亿平米铺设这种光伏路面,年发电量就可达到7.6万亿度。根据能源局公布的数据,2016年我国社会总用电量也只不过5.9万亿度,相比之下“光伏公路”的发电量是用电量的1.3倍,完全能满足我国庞大的用电需求。
2.电力存储
我国采取“西电东送”工程时间已久,但是东部发展快,生产制造业发达,即便“西电东送”如此浩大的工程也不能完全填补东部巨大的用电缺口,“光伏公路”无疑提供了一个完美的解决方案。
东部地区虽然电力不足,但胜在路网稠密,充分利用东部路网优势,将路面作为能量收集平台、电力供给平台,就可以做到“自发自用”,不仅满足自身用电需求,还避免了“西电东送”过程中长距离输电导致的电力损失等问题。
3.道路安全
冬季出行,遇到下雪天气,路面极易积雪结冰,这给汽车行驶带来不小的安全隐患。我国目前针对积雪道路的处理方式不外乎人工铲雪、机械铲雪或是撒布融雪剂几种方式,但是这些方法人工强度大,而且对道路有一定损害,对环境也可能造成污染。
而“光伏公路”由于自身存储了足够电量,利用起来也非常方便。完全可以为其增设电能转换热能的装置,通过人工开启或者是智能感知路面结冰情况来开启电力加热系统,消融冰雪,保障出行安全。
4.节能环保
传统的太阳能发电模式下,太阳能电板需要占据一定的空间,而将太阳能和路面结合在一起,不会占用额外的空间。此外,采取太阳能发电的方式,相较于传统的煤炭发电、核能发电也更加环保,利于改善自然环境。
小结:
放眼全球,路面与太阳能发电相结合无疑是一项全新的应用模式,许多国家都在尝试。我国光伏道路从试验到产业化发展,已经渐行渐远。“光伏公路”的诞生是交通行业与新能源产业深度融合发展的标志性事件,将为公众出行提供全新模式,为智慧交通和绿色能源开辟全新发展前景。

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轉載自: http://cablenews.i-cable.com/ci/videopage/news/518780/即時新聞/濟南太陽能公路冀可邊開車邊充電     (有片)

濟南太陽能公路冀可邊開車邊充電
2017/12/29 
烈日當空時,馬路曬到熱辣辣,濟南一段高速公路就在路面加設太陽能板,希望未來可以做到電動汽車一邊行駛,一邊無線充電 。 這條全長一公里的承載式光伏高速公路試驗段,星期四在濟南正式通車。和普通的高速公路不同,這條新型公路由三層構成,表層是透光混凝土路面,中層是光伏板,而底層是絕緣層,原理是可以令陽光通過表層的半透明材料,作為太陽能技術發電。

一公里的試驗路段,每年可以發電約 100 萬度,可為沿線城市和居民提供清潔能源。能源公司稱,將來光伏高速公路可為路燈、電子顯示屏、融雪劑自動噴淋設施、隧道和收費站供電,亦可以實現電動汽車一邊行駛,一邊無線充電 。 

延伸閱讀:  齐鲁交通发展集团开启光伏能源新时代  http://www.qljfjt.com/detail_3129.html

2017年12月13日 星期三

世界上最大的中俄火力发电站总造价达150亿美元



Source: Mapcarta.com  黑河, 海蘭泡斜對面即為阿穆尔州叶尔科夫齐 Yerkovtsy (紅點)

刘汉元委员指出,据2014年2月12日俄罗斯媒体报道,我国欲与俄联手在远东地区打造全球最大的火力发电站,发电站装机容量5-8GW,每年可向我国输送300-500亿千瓦时电量,主要供应电力需求旺盛的北京,为确保其正常运行,需架设长达2000公里的800千伏直流输电线,电站本身造价加上配套高压输电线路,该项目总耗资将达140-260亿美元。实际上,我国仅在新疆、内蒙或是临近北京300-500公里距离范围内的周边,使用同样多的光伏投资,便可保证等效甚至超量的能源输出,既不对他国造成污染,不重复浪费输电资源,资源还能真正掌握在我们自己手中,也更加经济、便捷,更能从战略上确保清洁能源的持续供给和能源安全。Source: http://www.tongwei.com/news/3520.html

刘汉元主席指出,2017年很多国家应用中国制造的组件和系统,已经实现了太阳能光伏发电成本低于煤炭、天然气发电。中国很多地区,太阳能发电成本已接近煤炭发电成本,并将很快接近或低于水电发电成本。技术进步使光伏产业快速实现了规模化、低成本化,目前光伏发电系统成本已经达到5毛、4毛,并将很快成为比水电成本更低的能源生产方式。Source: http://www.china5e.com/news/news-1011038-1.html    http://www.tongwei.com/news/8150.html




比尔·盖茨用15年解决清潔能源拯救地球  http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102wxh6.html 

博主補充: 馬鼎盛: 中俄邊境談(並無涉及發電厰)   www.rthk.hk/radio/radio1/programme/Free_as_the_wind/episode/475264

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港科大教授颜河:用印刷报纸的方法卷对卷生产太阳能电池2015年10月19日 新华能源  http://news.xinhuanet.com/energy/2015-10/19/c_1116915039.htm

  
新华能源10月19日电(索炜)2015中国光伏大会暨展览会13日至15日在北京举行,香港科技大学教授颜河接受了新华网记者的专访,目前,颜河正在研究一种太阳能电池的新型生产方法,可以大大提升太阳能电池的生产速度,从而降低生产成本。
    颜河介绍,现在的太阳能电池生产成本仍然较高,“但是如果我们可以用印刷报纸的方法,用卷对卷印刷的方法生产太阳能电池,太阳能电池生产的速度成本将会得到大大的提升,这就是我们最终的目标。”颜河称,用高分子、塑料这样的有机材料生产有机太阳能电池,就可以像印刷报纸一样,造足够多的太阳能电池。
    “太阳能电池听上去这么好,为什么没有应用起来?”颜河介绍,这是因为有机材料做太阳能电池,在基础科学层面上,仍然比较困难。目前科研做到的最高效率是11.5%,与其他的无机太阳能电池效率相比仍有较大差距。“我们科研的主要目的就是研究限制有机太阳能电池发展的根本性的基础性的科学问题是什么,颜河表示,如果能解决这些基础性的科学问题,那有机太阳能电池的效率,就可能增至15、20%,与其他的太阳能电池相竞争。颜河称,若有机太阳能电池效率达到15%,或者20%的,则其竞争力相对于其他更难生产的太阳能电池将非常可观。
    就有机太阳能电池的生产,颜河也表示,基础性的科学研究需要时间,在5-10年把大部分基础性科学问题解决了再应用到工业。但他也称,并非一定等到10年才能看到有机太阳能电池的产品,比如较低的产品,移动充电装置,放在汽车车内的柔软太阳能电池。
    那么,有机太阳能电池有那些优势?颜河介绍,相较比较重的硅太阳能电池,有机太阳能电池很轻,是柔软的,可以贴在窗户上,也可做成不同颜色,满足消费者的需求。基于有机太阳能的优势,着手解决效率问题,加上生产的快捷,颜河相信我有机太阳能电池将会成为非常有竞争力的一种科学技术。
    颜河同时表示,有机太阳能电池领域中,做的最好的就是中国的教授,中国的团队从效率上,从材料研发上,都是世界领先的。从长远来看,希望柔软的有机太阳能电池能够放在所有汽车上,更多的利用电能,缓解能源危机,解决空气污染问题。


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能源互联“新网架”联通中俄“新丝路”(电网互联支撑“一带一路”)

本报特约撰稿 桑学勇 杜雪娇《 中国能源报 》( 2017年05月01日   第 21 版)

  黑龙江地处我国东北边陲,与俄罗斯远东各州区有1000多千米的水陆边界,是中国对俄开放和经贸合作的前沿。在“一带一路”倡议下,黑龙江省电力公司全力服务黑龙江省委、省政府实施的《“中蒙俄经济走廊”黑龙江陆海丝绸之路经济带建设规划》,综合效益日渐显现。
  
  最新统计数据显示,2017年一季度对俄购电4.3025亿千瓦时,对俄购电25年累计突破214.32亿千瓦时;北疆电网打通中俄能源战略通道,中俄原油管道6年累计输送原油9723万吨;规划东北输电四大通道,建设中俄大型火电、水电基地,实现北电南送……黑龙江电力在“一带一路”整体战略中,以全省加快建设国际陆海联运通道和一核、四带、一环、一外产业布局为契机,不断推动两国石油、电力等能源领域深层次合作,联通中俄丝绸之路经济带。
  中俄电力合作不断升级
  25年累计对俄购电214.32亿度
  黑河换流站是国家电网公司中俄能源合作项目的首个工程,是目前规划建设的我国从境外购电电压等级最高,容量最大的一个输变电工程。该换流站于2012年投运,由黑龙江电力检修公司黑河运维分部运维。原黑龙江电力检修公司总经理、现黑龙江电力副总工程师李国强介绍:“黑河用的都是俄罗斯的电。中国电力市场很大,俄罗斯电力资源丰富,现在两股电流在这个站里背靠背,就是两个国家的资源优化配置在这里手拉手。” 
  对俄购电项目是中俄两国政府能源领域的合作项目之一,是国家电网公司、黑龙江电力和政府部门高度重视的一项国际化业务。2005年7月1日,国网公司与俄罗斯统一电力系统股份公司签署长期合作协议。2006年11月9日,双方签署俄罗斯向中国供电项目第一阶段的购售电合同。
  电力能源输送,需要电网支撑。早在1992年7月1日,110千伏布黑线(俄罗斯布拉戈维申斯克变电站-中国黑河变电站)合闸送电,开辟了中俄两国历史上电力合作的先河。2012年1月9日,500千伏中俄直流联网输电项目(含阿黑线)建成投运,加强了与特高压相协调的西电东送、北电南送的东北网架,实现中俄经济发展和优势互补,填补了黑河地区没有500千伏系统电源支撑的空白,黑河电网年供电能力从20亿千瓦时增加到近50亿千瓦时。
  数据显示,自1992年开展中俄电力合作以来,黑龙江电力已历史性累计进口俄电电力214.32亿千瓦时。
  打通中俄能源战略通道
  中俄原油管道累计输油9723万吨
  据了解,中俄原油管道工程是国家重点能源建设项目,是我国通过陆上利用境外油气的战略性工程。为保证国家重点能源战略工程供电,黑龙江电力投资建设了塔河-漠河220千伏输电线路和220千伏漠河变电站,同时承担了塔河-兴安、漠河-兴安220千伏输电线路和220千伏兴安变电站新建工程及相应电力系统配套工程的建设任务。
  “当年,我们是搭起煤炉取暖在冻土层上作业,仅用10个月就在高纬度、高寒冻土带、永冻层上建设2座220千伏变电所,架设283.51千米220千伏输电线路……”大兴安岭供电公司发展策划部史玉国介绍中俄原油管道供电工程。
  根据2013年3月中国政府和俄联邦政府关于扩大原油贸易合作的协议,2015年1月1日-2017年12月31日,俄罗斯将增供500万吨原油,中国年进口俄油量将达2000万吨。能源传输建设,需要电力保障。“此时,漠河首站扩容工程应运而生……”输油气分公司负责人感慨,漠(河)大(庆)线扩建工程投运为国家能源战略提供了更加稳定可靠的供电保障,扩大了漠河首站的存储能力。
  提高省间断面输电能力
  助力中俄能源深层互联互通
  据了解,随着国家“一带一路”倡议进入实质性操作阶段,能源电力等基础设施的作用日益凸显。为此,黑龙江电力将建设跨境国际输电线路,实现中俄、全省与东北乃至全国能源深层次的互联互通。
  据了解,国网公司将积极研究开发利用俄罗斯的能源资源,建设大型火电、水电基地并向中国输送清洁电力。规划到2020年前,在俄罗斯阿穆尔州叶尔科夫齐煤矿基地建设一座装机为8×60(66)万千瓦火电厂,通过±800千伏特高压直流向我国华北送电。
  “长期以来,东北地区的能源流和电力流都是‘北电南送’,近年来,受东北地区电源装机布局变化的影响,南送电力吸纳空间逐年减少。同时,新能源大规模发展,受市场容量、调峰能力等因素制约,难以就地消纳,急需开辟新的空中能源输送走廊,以实现更大规模和更大范围的‘北电南送’。” 黑龙江电力发展策划部副主任赵琳介绍。
  按照相关规划,“十三五”期间,我国将建设覆盖黑、吉、辽三省和蒙东的特高压交流环网,其中黑龙江省新建特高压变电站2座,新增变电容量1200万千伏安,新建线路1590千米。建成呼盟-大庆西-白城-扎鲁特-锦州的纵向“西通道”、哈尔滨东-长春东-沈阳东-营口的纵向“东通道”,以及大庆西-哈尔滨东、扎鲁特-沈阳东的两个横向通道,四大电网通道将汇集黑龙江及东北地区其他电源基地的电力,提高省间断面输电能力,满足经济发展的电力需求。

2017年12月10日 星期日

澳洲筹建可再生能源项目向印尼出口绿色电力

澳洲筹建可再生能源项目向印尼出口绿色电力

2017-12-6  crystal|  中新网  http://www.cspplaza.com/portal.php?mod=view&aid=11083
 

     
 一个由可再生能源企业组成的企业联合体计划在西澳大利亚州建一个亚洲可
再生能源枢纽项目AREH为北部邻国印度尼西亚出口绿色电力。

  据介绍,AREH是一个集成风电、太阳能发电设施的混合电站,总装机容
量达到6吉瓦,并且通过海底电力电缆向印尼输出电力,从而解决当前当前东
南亚国家面临的几个能源与可持续发展的问题。

  这个企业联合体包括全球领先的可再生能源项目开发商CWP Energy Asia
和 Inter Continental Energy以及风机制造商Vestas。

   CWP Energy Asia董事总经理Alexander Hewitt表示:“风能和太阳能
的结合在各地区提供可靠且具有竞争力的可再生能源的潜力非常巨大。鉴于长
距离传输能源的能力日益增强,该项目对印尼西亚来说是一个引人注目的建议
,不仅是为了提供能源,而且也是为了印尼发展带来长远的经效益。”

  据悉,该项目将建在西澳大利亚州东皮尔巴拉地区(East Pilbara),预
计将于2023年开始建设,到2029年全面投入运营,以满足印度尼西亚的能源
需求和可再生能源目标。

  东皮尔巴拉地区是与印度尼西亚接近,加上近期海底电缆技术的进步,预
计该项目的第一阶段初始成本约为100亿美元,项目的后续阶段可能会开始向
东南亚的其他国家出口绿色电力。
      

Vestas, CWP get serious about plan to export

3GW wind and solar to Asia

By Simon Holmes à Court on 30 November 2017
Source: http://reneweconomy.com.au/vestas-cwp-get-serious-about-plan-to-export-3gw-wind-and-solar-to-asia-47221/

In November 2009 Prof. Mike Sandiford, the founding director of the newly established Melbourne Energy Institute, wrote a short paper introducing the idea of new energy export industry model for Australia: ELEXI, the ELectricity EXport Industry.
As Mike put it, while “dig it up and ship it out” has been Australia’s mantra for decades, a future, smarter Australia might ship the ultimate value added product to our Asian neighbours — clean energy transmitted thousands of kilometres by undersea power cables.
Crazy talk! Or was it?
Back then renewable energy wasn’t cheap, Indonesia planned to sort out its future power needs largely with coal, and sub-sea power transmission longer than the 370km Basslink sounded like science fiction.
The day would come, however, when a business case for ‘electron export’ would make sense. The Asian Renewable Energy Hub consortium (AREH), led by InterContinental Energy, CWP Energy Asia and global wind leader Vestas, is betting that the day has arrived. (The project is not to be confused with Pilbara Solar, which Sophie Vorrath covered earlier this month.)
Demand for electricity in Indonesia is expected to double over the next two decades. The Indonesian government has committed to a renewables share of 23% by 2025. While the country is committed to increasing total capacity by 35GW (on top of the 45GW already existing), Indonesia’s energy minister announced last month that the government will “not approve any coal-fired power plants in Java, this island, any more.” (According to the Global Coal Plant Tracker only 6.9GW of coal power is currently under construction in Indonesia.)

Meanwhile, the costs of renewable energy have famously plummeted, and continue to do so.


Australia’s world-leading wind and solar resources produce some of the cheapest and most reliable renewable energy in the world. But what of the last impediment, the monstrous costs of sub-sea transmission cables? We’ve seen significant cost reductions there too.
AREH spent 2014-15 scouring the coastline of Australia from Exmouth to Darwin and, after extensive desktop studies, meso-scale modelling, SODAR monitoring and traditional ‘met-mast’ measurement, has selected what they believe is an ideal site — 7,000 square kilometres located in the East Pilbara between Port Hedland and Broome with high quality solar and wind resources.

The project will be connected to West Java, the province containing Jakarta, by a 2500km HVDC bi-pole cable provided by project partner Prysmian — two fully insulated conductors laid on the sea floor running in parallel (placed a few kilometres apart to reduce risk). The project is exploring the feasibility of continuing the cable run through to Singapore.


(For the technically minded, this article explains that one cable is positive and the other negative relative to earth. A big advantage of the configuration is that, should one of the cables fail, while it is awaiting repair the system can still transmit power using ‘ground return’. If you haven’t geeked out enough, check out these cables. Not your grandfather’s submarine HVDC transmission cables!)
Two cables, laid separately, will carry 1.5GW each.

The cable will most likely operate at 800,000 volts, twice the voltage of Basslink and therefore able to move power for about half the cost over a given length.
Sceptics might think it is crazy to run an ‘extension cord’ all the way to Indonesia, but losses in the latest generation are surprisingly low at an estimated 7.5% over the entire length, similar to the average losses in Australia’s National Electricity Market.
Those with just enough knowledge of how the system works will be concerned that the cable will be way under-utilised due to the nature of renewable energy — won’t the cable be useless when “the wind don’t blow and the sun don’t shine”? While this objection might make intuitive sense to talk-back radio listeners, the cool kids have discovered the benefits of hybrid solar/wind projects.
While the site’s wind might be classified as ‘very good’ in strength, additional value lies in its consistency and typically diurnal pattern, higher at night and lower during the day. By choosing the right mix of wind and solar, the total is more reliable than the individual technologies.

The wind and solar resources are complementary, with lots of sun during the daytime and high wind speeds in the morning, evening and night. Chart depicts average across annual period.

After an extensive optimisation exercise, which sought to maximise the delivered energy per dollar invested, the project has chosen 4000MW of wind, 2000MW of solar PV with a 3000MW HVDC cable.
Armchair engineers will be heading to the comments section at this point to complain that 6000MW of wind and solar exporting through a 3000MW cable is very wasteful. Hold your horses! Yes, some energy is thrown away — especially when winds are particularly strong —but it turns out that less than 10% of total generation is lost. (For now it is not economic to store the excess for later use, but storage can always be added at a later date if/when the economics stack up.)
Importantly, this optimised hybrid/oversize model is expected to achieve almost 80% cable utilisation and deliver predictable power.


Clusters of solar farms are interspersed around the project site. The turbine layout resembles an offshore wind farm. Click on image to go to the live map

The layout of the wind farm resembles an offshore wind farm — and in fact with very low complexity terrain and in such a remote area, there are many parallels with offshore development.
In the current layout, turbines are placed in rows with 750m between turbines and 6km spacing between rows. The rows face the predominant wind direction with the aim of minimising any wind shadow and wake effects. The solar arrays are deployed in clusters, spaced throughout the site to increase geographic diversity and minimise the impact of localised cloud cover.
Vestas have recently begun selling 4.2MW wind turbines, but it’s almost a certainty that larger models will be available when the project enters the construction phase. Interestingly the project has a design life of 60 years, with a projected repowering of the turbines and solar panels after 30 years.
The US$10bn project is more than a pipe dream. Project land has been secured through an Exclusive Development License with the WA Department of Lands. Onshore and offshore development studies are underway and, importantly, the consortium has this week filed Environmental Impact Assessment referrals with both the EPA in WA and the federal government’s EPBC process.
The traditional owners, the Nyangumarta people, are actively involved and supportive. Nyangumarta Rangers have been working closely with the consortium’s ecological consultants on all the onsite studies being carried out for the EIA.
Strong community acceptance is no doubt linked to the enormous employment and skills development opportunities on offer as well as the AUD$11bn that will be spent in Western Australia over the project’s life.

The project aims to reach financial close in 2020 with completion in 2029.
Project timeline

There’s no doubt that the project is epic in scale — the project is expected to generate 15TWh of energy annually, which is as much as is generated by all the renewable energy projects built in Australian in the first 12 years of the Renewable Energy Target. As well as generating power for more than 7 million Indonesian homes, the project is projected to offset almost 1 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide over the life of the project.
But it’s a serious team. CWP Renewables has developed and financed more Australian wind generation than any other company. Vestas has installed 87GW of wind turbines globally in 76 countries and is investing heavily in hybrid wind / solar integration technologies.
Some might say that InterContinental Energy has set themselves an overly ambitious goal with AREH. Hong Kong-based Managing Director Alexander Tancock has two other similar projects in the pipeline — both at a similar scale and hybrid wind/solar. Both are naturally intercontinental, but even the identity of the continents are being kept a tightly held secret for now.

For now, the consortium won’t be drawn on the expected costs of delivered energy. Given supply constraints in West Java and Indonesia’s clean energy targets, the Asian Renewable Energy Hub project may be well placed to supply affordable, reliable and clean power to Jakarta and Singapore.  

2017年12月9日 星期六

清朝考試制度被歐洲各國模仿

轉載自:   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_examination

The influence of the Chinese examination system spread to neighboring Asian countries, such as Vietnam, Korea, Japan (though briefly) and 琉球Ryūkyū. The Chinese examination system was introduced to the Western world in reports by European missionaries and diplomats, and encouraged the British East India Company to use a similar method to select prospective employees. Following the initial success in that company, the British government adopted a similar testing system for screening civil servants in 1855. Other European nations, such as France and Germany, followed suit. Modeled after these previous adaptations, the United States established its own testing program for certain government jobs after 1883. 

The imperial examination system attracted much attention and greatly inspired political theorists in the Western World, and as a Chinese institution was one of the earliest to receive such foreign attention. One example is the important influence in this regard on the Northcote–Trevelyan Report and hence on the reform of the Civil Service in British India and later in the United Kingdom. After Great Britain's successful implementation of systematic, open, and competitive examinations in India, in the 19th century, other implementations were undertaken in other Western nations.
-------------------------------------------------

Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China 

On 29 November 1834, Matheson became chairman of the newly formed "Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China". The committee members represented a wide section of the business and missionary community in Canton: David Olyphant, William Wetmore, James Innes, Thomas Fox, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, Karl Gützlaff and John Robert Morrison. John Francis Davis, at that time chief superintendent of British trade in China, was made an honorary member.  Source:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Matheson

2017年12月7日 星期四

西班牙阿爾梅里亞之蔬菜温室(之二)

The Plastic Mosaic You Can See From Space: Spain's Greenhouse Complex

The world's largest plastic greenhouse complex–known as Mar de Plástico–covers more than 185 square miles near Almeria in Spain’s southeast. Photographer Bernhard Lang shot these sprawling scenes as part of his “Aerial Views” project  

ByTom Hall    2015年2月21日 

Source: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-02-20/the-mosaic-you-can-see-from-space-spain-s-massive-greenhouse-complex






Mar de Plástico has been an area of intensive crop production since the 1960s. Exports of fruits and vegetables in 2012 amounted to 1.9 billion euros with 359 companies exporting from the complex. Almost 30 percent of Mar de Plastico's production is exported to Germany, followed by France; the rest is sold in Spain itself.


Photographer: Bernhard Lang


The first plastic greenhouse was built here in 1963, and to kick-start the development, Spain's Instituto Nacional de Colonización drilled deep wells and installed pumps to supply water to the fields and distributed land plots to so-called colonizers in the early 1960s. This started intensive farming in the area.


Photographer: Bernhard Lang

Since 2010, Munich-based photographer Bernhard Lang has been working on “Aerial Views,” a project that aims to show the impact of human beings on their environment as seen from the air.

Photographer: Bernhard Lang

A report published by the regional government of Almeria in 2005 said the rapid expansion of greenhouses was causing damage to the water table, over-extraction of sand for plant bedding, and a pileup of agricultural waste.

Photographer: Bernhard Lang

Photographer: Bernhard Lang



Photographer: Bernhard Lang

Photographer: Bernhard Lang


Photographer: Bernhard Lang

西班牙阿爾梅里亞之蔬菜温室(之一)

 The Greenhouses of Almeria








Since the 1980s, the small coastal plain, some 30 kilometers southwest of the city of Almeria, has developed the largest concentration of greenhouses in the world, covering 26,000 hectares. Several tons of greenhouse vegetables and fruits such as tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers and zucchinis are produced here annually. More than half of the Europe’s demand for fresh fruits and vegetables are grown under the plastic shades, fuelling the province of Almeria's economy by $1.5 billion in annual revenue.
But 35 years ago, this region in the southeast of Spain was dry and arid, and desert-like, receiving an average of 200 mm of rainfall a year. In fact, Spaghetti western films 義大利拍攝之美國西部電影 were once shot here, because the land was so dry and barren. But with imported soil and fully hydroponic systems that drip-feed chemical fertilizers into grow-bags, over the last 35 years, the area has been intensively used for agriculture.

Photo credit: Edward Burtynsky


A mix of thousand of smallholders and large companies tend the crops inside the plastic greenhouses. Temperatures can reach more than 45 degrees Celsius inside. Many Spanish workers find it too hot to work and the conditions too brutal so the sweat-houses are staffed mainly by legal and illegal immigrants from Africa and Eastern Europe. One hundred thousand immigrants are thought to work in the greenhouses and many believe it is the lack of workers-rights that help the businesses to be profitable. Many ‘farms’ have no toilets and women are often forced into prostitution. Some workers are also sold contracts to work, which have to be repaid to their bosses. The Network for The Promotion of Sustainable Consumption in European Regions, estimate that workers are paid between 33 and 36 Euros per day.
Almeria's sea of white-roofed greenhouse is so vast that researchers from the University of Almeria have found that by reflecting sunlight back into the atmosphere, the greenhouses are actually cooling the province. While temperatures in the rest of Spain have climbed at rates above the world average, the local temperature has dropped an average of 0.3 degrees Celsius every 10 years since 1983.
The greenhouses are so successful that they have swamped the plain of Dalías, moving up the valleys of the nearby Alpujarra hills, one of Spain's most pleasant and unspoiled areas. A few small towns in the area have been completely swamped by the white plastic farms. Plastic manufactures and recycling companies have also set-up in the region, where discarded plastic sheeting and rubbish lies wherever blocking up riverbeds. Last month the death of a sperm whale that washed up on Spain’s south coast was linked to the Almeria greenhouses after it was found to have swallowed 37 pounds (17kg) of plastic waste dumped into the sea. Empty pesticide containers bearing toxic warnings lie among the plastic litter. On the coast at El Pozuelo plastic waste is piled calf-high.



Photo credit: Yann Athus-Bertrand




Photo credit: Bing Maps
Photo credit: Bing Maps














Sources: The Guardian, Geographyfieldwork, Fstoppress

2017年12月6日 星期三

英國茄汁來源之考據

Wikipedia:  在英語中番茄醬叫作「ketchup」,這個詞過去不是指番茄醬,而是指特別的調味汁或者魚汁。關於這個詞的來源有多種理論。一種理論是來自粵語「茄汁」,馬來語中的詞也來自粵語。然而,雖然這個理論廣為流傳,但如上所述,其原意並非番茄醬,故受到質疑。另一種理論是只來自馬來語。
另一種說法是來自閩南語「ke-chiap」(漳州話)/「koe-chiap」(廈門話)/「kere-chiap」(泉州話)。ke/koe/kere 之意義為醃漬魚類或海鮮,chiap 即為『汁』字
甚至有戲謔的說法認為來自 cats-up(「過來」)。
此詞傳至日語後,音譯作「ケチャップ」(kechappu)。後又因台灣日治時期臺灣話亦直接承接此字(台羅:Khe-tsiap-pu)至今。 Source: https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/番茄醬
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下列資料出自: Mark Kurlansky <<鹽 Salt: A World History>> 臺北,  藍鯨出版社, 2002   openlibrary.org 免費閱讀   





Creole 256頁 是安地列斯群島(包括海地)的白種人後裔

延伸閱讀: Smith, Andrew F. Pure Ketchup: A History of America's National Condiment, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/辣醬油

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_sauce