鹹魚發酵的過程,成品與半成品

廣東美食有鹹魚炒飯, 對城裡人來說, 確實是鹹魚貴過雞. 在漁村附近長大的人, 可不這樣想.  吐露港漁民集中的地區, 如大埔元洲仔, 漁民有曬鹹魚的習慣, 六十年代差不多在公路旁用去一公里去曬鹹魚.  海風一吹, 魚類發酵的氣味, 與油煎鹹魚的氣味就不一樣, 簡直相差太遠了.  就是百味交滙, 感覺複雜, 聯想思潮, 此起彼落.  味道太強的结果, 就是不是人人都能立刻適應.  曬鹹蝦亦然.  廚房新手, 隨便舀些鹹蝦醬與豬肉一撈, 蒸上十五分鐘便能下飯, 保証食過番尋味.  但往郊外漁村旅行時, 若在鹹蝦醬的曬場經過, 那氣味之強烈, 聯想力之豐富, 與美味蝦醬比較, 簡直相差太遠了, 一時適應不了, 只好馬上急步掩鼻離開.  

是否海產品未完成發酵即氣味強烈, 不能食用?  有沒有半製成品應市? 一則帶新鮮漁產的柔軟多汁, 兼具發酵帶來的異常美味?  以下試舉ニ例:  資料轉載自報章: 

上圖: 左邊為半發酵的金蠔(曬一至兩天); 右邊為乾蠔豉(曬十日)
Source: https://news.mingpao.com/pns/金蠔faq﹕金蠔飽滿有肉汁蠔豉乾身濃味/web_tc/article/20150116/s00005/1421344539248

金蠔的發酵:

例子一:  http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/food/art/20141219/18973672 

北風起，想起的，是油鑊裏煎得霹霹啪嘞的金黃色金蠔。季節限定的金蠔，只能在呼呼北風吹起時才能上市，偏偏今年冬天冷得遲，應該說是太暖和，所以等來等 去，也等不到消息。好不容易等到季候風吹來，陽光燦爛明媚，立即致電當了半世紀蠔戶的「陳祥記」，電話筒那邊傳來欣喜聲音：「你真及時，第一批金蠔曬好 啦！」放下聽筒，急不及待，直奔流浮山。只能說，這一場北風來得剛剛好，冷冰冰的、乾乾爽爽的，造就金蠔一如以往的脹卜卜、飽飽滿滿，叫愛蠔的人，再不用 牽腸掛肚了。

扎根流浮山五十餘年的祥哥祥嫂，是沙橋下灣村裏碩果僅存的蠔戶。「我們家世世代代都是養蠔的，自宋朝開始就在沙井養蠔，後來到我爸爸那一代才開始曬蠔豉曬金蠔。」

天然生曬　吸清晨露水

也因為興趣，所以她一直堅持天然生曬。「有些人曬蠔豉，會先蒸熟，方便拿揑到有幾乾，但這樣做的話，蠔的精華早已揮發掉，還怎會好吃？」祥嫂說她自家養殖 的石頭蠔，蠔身圓滿，蠔杯亦深，最重要是肉身夠厚，所以曬乾後仍然很飽滿。天然生曬，只能完全依靠陽光熱力和北風吹送，所以品質不能全部控制，天氣一旦不 似預期，蠔豉有機會一鋪清袋(註一)，所以經驗很重要。祥嫂和老公一遇上合適天氣，天未光就坐船出蠔棚，將生蠔打撈上來後便立即開殼取肉，而且要用人手立即清洗乾 淨，然後趁太陽未完全探出頭來就要將蠔肉搬到棚架上曬，因為此時蠔肉還能吸收清晨的甘露，那麼曬出來的肉質便會更加鮮甜了。
「如果曬金蠔，一般需 要一至兩日，等蠔肉曬至約七成乾就可以收起來。」祥嫂此時拿出僅餘的一箱金蠔，「你看，這些金蠔幾肥嘟嘟，十二月過後更加肥美呀。」未幾，她的工人端出一 碟煎得金黃香脆的金蠔，蘸上砂糖，入口，蠔肉鮮嫩無比，咬下甘香有嚼勁，那蠔香就一直留在嘴巴裏，久久不散。見我們吃得津津有味，祥嫂笑得開懷，就連沉默 寡言的祥哥也微笑了，這也就是他們堅持養蠔的最大原因吧？
生曬蠔豉一般要曬兩至四周，曬至蠔身乾餘5%至10%水份，重量較輕，味道濃郁甘香質感重；生曬金蠔顏色比生曬蠔豉淺一些，呈金黃色，只曬一至兩 天，曬好後蠔身仍保留30%至35%水份，入口仍有濕潤豐盈口感。     

註一: 博主說明, 大自然客觀條件不配合, 發酵過程未能受控, 產品變了質, 變了味, 這樣便不能上市賣錢.  或許自己能忍受把它吃了, 自己不能忍受作豬狗飼料還是可以的. 這樣高成本的賭博, 只適宜於藝術家高手, 用經驗加機會玩一鋪小的. 商業大規模生產則牽涉建一大實驗室, 將各式條件固定化, 例子如西班牙黑毛豬火腿.  將麵飽天然發酵亦是藝術家高手, 成品售價起碼要幾十港元, 非一般市民消費能及, 是藝術品而非商品.  歐洲有幾百種芝士, 某些品種不容易在東方打開市場, 因其濃烈味道仿似東方人的體臭.

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例子二 :  http://kakajaw.pixnet.net/blog/post/266622025-%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E9%87%91%E8%A0%94

金蠔更有滋味，原因何在？

蠔豉多數曬二至四星期，餘下5至10%水份，味道濃郁而乾身；

金蠔曬約兩天後仍有30至40%水份，豐滿濕潤，我喜歡這種質感。

曬靚金蠔不容易，必須選用優質生蠔，污染和有沙的不適合；

在乾爽的冷北風及燦爛而溫和的陽光下日曬，遇陰天，

時間會延長，下雨一定不可以，一切講經驗，隨時血本無歸。  
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例子三: 電視片集<<老廣的味道>>談廣東沿海漁民自醃鹹海鯉(帶金側線的紅衫魚) 一夜埕, 不單夫妻津津樂道, 還落重海鹽並打包快遞給城裡的子女嚐鮮. 
參考:  https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%98%B3%E6%B1%9F%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%9C%E5%9F%95%E2%80%9D

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思考題:  外国人为什么不喜欢中国邻居吃鹹魚？

参考:  https://www.hinabian.com/theme/detail/6737282540115548076.html?find=6739234718364749245

中世紀歐洲每年齋戒超過 200 天, 只能吃鹹魚, 一直吃到ニ次大戰後海上工厰(大馬力拖船)具備冷凍保鮮設備為止, 吃了超過千年. 今天西歐, 西非, 西印度群島, 巴西等地吃鹹鱈魚的大有人在.

問題一: 廣東鼻咽癌歸疚於食鹹魚, 為什麽歐洲沒有這樣的問題?

問題ニ: 今日歐美人吃牛排了, 反過來排斥吃鹹魚的華人, 是否正確? 他們吃鹹魚的經驗是苦?是樂?

問題三:  若有美國歷史家將(醃鹹)鱈魚當作一条改變世界的魚 (Mark Kurlansky <<鱈: 一条改變世界的魚 Cod: a biography of the fish that changed the world>>臺北, 新雨 1999), 為何英國歷史家 Price 將(醃鹹)鱈魚避而不談? 見下列著作  Price, Bill  <<Fifty Foods that Changed the Course of History, 改變歷史的 50 種食物>>臺北積木文化,  2016.  英國歷史學者為什麼將國吃 - 炸鱈魚(薯條)避而不談?

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大量網上流傳趣怪短片請搜索: try surstromming (外國人嘗試瑞典罐頭發酵鯡魚令人捧腹大笑) 

蔡瀾:  天下最臭的，魟鱼还是老二，根据调查，第一应该是瑞典人做的鱼罐头，叫为SURSTROMMING。用鲱鱼做原料，生劏后让它发霉，然后入罐。通常罐头要经过高温杀菌，但此罐免了，在铁罐里再次发酵，产生强烈的气味，瑞典人以此夹面包或煮椰菜吃。

罐头上的字句警告，开罐时要严守四点：一、开罐前放进冰箱，让气体下降。二、在家中绝对不能打开，要在室外进行。三、开罐前身上得着围裙。四、确定风向，不然吹了下去，不习惯此味的人会被熏昏。

有一个家伙不听劝告，在厨房一打开，罐中液体四溅，味道有如十队篮球员一齐除下数月不洗的鞋子，整个家，变成名副其实的「臭屋」。 Source:   http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102xdb2.html 

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The Naked Chef (Jamie Oliver) likes Swedish Stinky fish

Surstromming’ is the world-famous stinky herring. And boy, does it stink! But it’s incredibly good for you and when it’s lovingly put together on some crisp Swedish bread, with butter, a few slices of boiled potatoes, chopped red onion, tomato, dill and soured cream, all I can say is, it’s delicious. Love it or hate it, you won’t foreget it! p. 144

<<jamie does Spain, Italy, Sweden, Morocco, Greece, France>> Penguin, 2010 London

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因為鹽的供應有限, 煙燻鯡魚鹹味較淡, 用鹽較少.  早期的墾荒者打獵時, 會將紅鯡丟在小徑上, 藉由它們強烈的氣味混淆狼隻.  這也是"紅鯡" 一詞今日意指錯誤的路徑的原因 209頁 Mark Kurlansky <<鹽 Salt: A World History>> 臺北,  藍鯨出版社, 2002   openlibrary.org 免費閱讀   

原文 When these early settlers hunted, they would leave red herring along their trial because the strong smell would confuse wolves, which is the origin of the expression red herring, meaning "a false trail." p.218  Mark Kurlansky, <<Salt A World History>>, Penguin Books 2002

中世紀歐洲漁業與鹽業(資本積累)

歐洲北部淺灘水温低, 能比南方的海水溶解更多氧氣, 涵養更多的浮游生物, 養活了大量的鯡魚, 鱈鱼, 鯖魚, 鯨魚. 它們都為古代歐洲人所捕食. 法國和西班牙交界的區域是巴斯克人的群居之地, 他們都是出色的漁人.

從中世紀到現代, 歐洲漁民都會在二十四小時內, 將清理乾淨的鯡魚 herring 裝入滿是鹽水的桶子, 避免魚體油脂(占體重的 10%)的酸臭腐敗.   鱈魚cod 油脂含量低很多(0.3%), 腐敗的速度慢得多, 所以可以用抹鹽乾醃的方式保存十年或更久 87頁, Price, Bill  <<Fifty Foods that Changed the Course of History, 改變歷史的 50 種食物>>臺北積木文化,  2016

在十二世紀, 限制鹽漬鯡魚產量的因素不是在漁獲量上, 而是鹽的供應. 波羅的海城市呂貝克 Lubeck 商人南下 80 公里, 來到德國北部內陸呂納堡 Luneburg 的鹽田 (註一), 將鹽運出來滿足北歐漁民的需要 87 頁 . 這條道路在 1398 年被運河取代, 成為歐洲最早以人力開闢的水道, 讓鹽得以大量運輸至北方港口 90 頁. 中世紀歐洲其他鹽港還有: 葡萄牙的阿威罗 Aveiro, 法國的不列塔尼 Bretagne, 波蘭, 奧地利, 紐芬蘭, 海地龜島 Tortuga. 俄國, 匈牙利均依賴鹽的進口.

在十五世紀時, 法國北部城鎮阿哈 Arras  每人每年平均要吃超過兩百尾鯡魚.  在歐洲與不列顛群島間, 許多城市因鯡魚貿易而贏得巨大財富 86 頁, 在北海與北大西洋海岸線上造就許多漁港 89 頁.  時至今日, 這些價格低廉, 過鹹的鯡魚仍有大量消費者, 主要來自社會的一般階層. 1910 年時, 鹹魚只占新英格蘭地區魚市場的 1% 而已 170 頁 Mark Kurlansky <<鱈: 一条改變世界的魚 Cod: a biography of the fish that changed the world>>臺北, 新雨 1999

在英國, 鯡魚撈捕產業一直維持到 1970 年代, 最後北海與北大西洋因過度撈捕而造成鯡魚魚群崩解.  今天歐盟使大西洋鯡魚產業成功轉型成為永續經營的模式. 即使是 Grand Bank 的漁場被加拿大關閉, 世界各地每年捕獲的鱈目魚種就超過六百萬噸,其中, 更有一半是鱈魚 60 頁

對漁民來說, 鱈目的六大經濟分類為最重要:
1. 大西洋鱈魚 Atlantic cod (近岸白肉, 富饒, 比鯡魚美味);
2. 黑線鱈  haddock (冰島人吃黑線鱈而將大西洋鱈鱼賣錢)
3. 青鱈 pollock;
4. 牙鱈 whiting;
5. 無鬚鱈 hake;
6. 太平洋鱈 Pacific cod 57頁

Source:  Wikipedia: Grand Banks of Newfoundland


Nova Scotia 住的是蘇格蘭人, Newfoundland 住的是愛爾蘭人(太貧乏無船隊), Quebec 住的是法國人, New England 以南無鱈魚

上圖的墨西哥灣流與格陵蘭外的北極洋流交滙的岸灘 Grand Banks 是鱈魚最密集的漁場, 比歐洲其他各地的鱈魚漁場更多, 而這個地方便是巴斯克人成功的秘密 62 頁.  上千艘巴斯克人的漁船在這裡打漁時, 其他歐洲人還蒙在鼓裡哩.

John Cabot 1497 年發現美洲之前, 英國是拿農產品交換冰島人的鱈魚乾,  67 頁 随着紐芬蘭漁場的開發, 英國和歐洲西部開始發展成主要的漁港.



註一: 博主解釋: 書本翻譯錯了, 根據 Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lüneburg_Saltworks 的解釋, 應該翻譯成鹽厰才對.  以木柴, 煤熬鹽水溪流.

歐洲海裡的牛肉 - 鱈魚 cod

博主補充:  歐洲沒有大草原, 但有冷水漁場, 鯡魚, 鯖魚和鱈魚多得很, 隨便用籃子撈下便有收獲 (1497 John Cabot 給英格蘭國王亨利七世有關發現紐芬蘭的報告). 歐洲隨即開始了為期幾百年爭奪漁場和殖民地的鬥爭. ニ次大戰後漁船普遍以海上工廠大規模生產的姿態出現, 都是一些設有冷凍保鮮艙的大馬力拖網漁船. 各國大小拖船傾巢而出, 企圖把 '母親魚' 們一網打盡, 加拿大便於 1994 年宣布全部關閉大西洋漁場(除了新斯科夏西南方的海域外), 結束了紐芬蘭鱈魚漁場 一共 497 年的短暫歷史.

The Beef of the Sea

April 10, 2017  轉載自: https://nauticalarch.org/the-beef-of-the-sea/

By Ruby Jean Velasquez

Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua, is an omnivorous fish that dwells in the upper North Atlantic Ocean. Referred to as “the beef of the sea,” cod became the primary fish sought for after the discovery of Newfoundland by John Cabot in 1497. During the late 16th century, the cod fishing industry soared and the English began vying (vie 競爭的)
with the French, Spanish, and Portuguese over the fish trade. Finally, during the 17th century, the English launched their own cod market and became the primary fish suppliers to the Iberian Peninsula and early English colonists. Due to the multiple nations involved in the cod trade, various methods for preserving the fish were created.

Atlantic cod’s distribution stretches northward from the coast of North Carolina towards Greenland, and eastward along the coast of Ireland extending to some portions of Europe’s coastline (Image by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

During the 17^th century, the most common method the English used to preserve fish was referred to as the “Newfoundland” cure, however, other techniques such as brining, or pickling, were also used. The process of the “Newfoundland” cure involved beheading, dressing, splitting, lightly salting  (英國的鹽用煤熬的要省點用, 北歐索性風乾之), and drying the cod before storage. In contrast, evidence suggests that brining involved soaking the entire cod in brine.

An excerpt from Salt and Fishery (1682) demonstrates how fish were dressed prior to salting. The process of the removal of the backbone is called splitting.

This curing information was then applied to data from the faunal remains found amid the wreckage of Warwick (1619) and Mary Rose (1545). Among Warwick’s faunal remains, 15 skeletal elements were identified as Gadus morhua. Of these identified bones, the spine and cranial findings were diagnostic because fish heads and backbones (spines) are usually removed during dressing and splitting. The presence of these bones infer that the cod aboard Warwick were brined. 31,793 fish bones were found aboard Mary Rose and over 90% of these bones were identified as Atlantic cod; however, unlike Warwick, no cranial specimens were found and 149 of the cod bones showed butchery marks, which are indicative of beheading and splitting the fish. The butchery marks suggest that the fish aboard Mary Rose underwent the “Newfoundland” cure, while Warwick’s cod were brined. It is possible that due to high humidity on ships, and the lack of opportunities for restocking on lengthy transatlantic voyages, the brined cod was preferable for stocking ships undergoing such journeys compared to naval ships that usually stayed close to European coasts.
Unfortunately, the sample sized used here is too small. More historical accounts and archaeological evidence are needed to form a definitive explanation as to why each method was utilized.

Filed Under: Ship Biscuit and Salted BeefTagged With: Brine, Cod, Codfish, Curing, Fish, Food on Ships, Mary Rose, Newfoundland, Osteology, Warwick

Source: https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/纽芬兰渔场

马耳他总理及能源部长大加赞赏上海电力黑山风电项目

轉載自:  商务部  2016-02-12  http://www.in-en.com/article/html/energy-2244454.shtml 

1月11日至13日，马耳他总理穆斯卡特在赴黑山进行工作访问期间，与马能源部长米兹及黑山政府人员，在上海电力(马耳他)控股公司总经理生宝杰的陪同下，实地视察黑山MOZURA风电项目现场。上海电力与马能源公司分别持股70%和30%的合资企业上海电力国际可再生能源有限公司(“新能源公司”)作为投资方代表向穆斯卡特总理一行详细介绍了项目基本情况、工程进度安排及项目整体投运后对于推动黑山当地经济社会发展的重要影响。

黑山MOZURA风电项目是上海电力投资马能源领域一揽子协议项下的衍生项目。项目位于黑山南部MOZURA山脉地区，拟安装我风电机组生产企业远景能源设计制造的2MW风机23台，总装机容量46MW。预计2016年4月开工建设，2017年12月31日正式投产。年发电量为1.012亿千瓦时。

穆斯卡特总理对工程整体进度表示非常满意，高度评价了该黑山风电项目对于推进马黑两国关系的重要作用，并再次强调了马能源公司在引入上海电力这一具有经济、技术实力的战略合作伙伴后，从一个濒临破产的国有企业扭亏为盈并且有实力参与欧洲市场开发投资新能源项目，对于马其他国企的改革和发展具有很好的借鉴意义，表示马政府已将该项目作为马黑两国政府间合作项目并给予全力支持，期待项目尽快投产。
13日，生宝杰总经理赴我驻黑山使馆拜会崔志伟大使。上述项目落地开工仪式将作为中黑两国建交10周年的系列庆祝活动之一。

搜索鳳凰衛視龍行天下上海電力馬爾他映片 

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 施正荣：光伏已具备与跟天然气竞争的能力

2017-09-19    新华网   http://www.china5e.com/news/news-1003094-1.html

9月16日，国际绿色能源发展大会(中国·扬中)在江苏省扬中市召开。国际绿色能源发展大会组委会主席施正荣大会期间表示，以风能、太阳能光伏和储能为代表的绿色能源产业和技术在中国发展迅速，光伏作为绿色能源的代表已具备与跟天然气竞争的能力。
施正荣说，经过近二十年的发展，全球绿色能源得到迅速发展，尤其是太阳能光伏行业技术、产品性能取得巨大进步，并逐步实现产业化。目前光伏的应用成本已降至4美分/瓦，在日本、澳大利亚、美国、欧洲等国家和地区，光伏费用已经低于用户现有电费，具有价格优势。
近年来，中国光伏产业凭借强大的制造能力和技术创新，崛起成为全球光伏的重要驱动力。施正荣表示，光伏产品作为一种能源消费品，价格是影响其市场化的关键因素。目前，中国的光伏用电已经低于每度1元，成本降低推动太阳能光伏走出研究实验室，走进寻常百姓家。
施正荣认为，光伏目前已经具备与跟天然气竞争的能力，跟煤电竞争尚需几年时间。未来能否实现绿色能源百分百替代化石能源，既取决于国家政策和宏观环境的推动，也离不开政府发展理念的转变和大力支持。
施正荣对全国绿色能源发展前景做出乐观预期。他认为，未来实现风能、太阳能光伏等绿色能源百分百替代传统化石能源极具可能性。加快能源基础设施建设，构建跨地区、全国乃至全球性的能源互联网，有利于快速提高绿色能源利用效率，实现绿色能源全球共享共联。
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今年5月，太阳能批发价格跌至创纪录低点，比以煤为动力的电力价格低得多
Source: 2017-09-14 国家能源报道 陶镜羽 www.china5e.com/news/news-1002602-1.html   

突尼斯龐大的沙漠太陽能熱發電供電歐盟馬耳他

突尼斯4.5GW的沙漠太陽能熱發電地點(紅點)

Source: Google map

博主補充: 須說服當地人為什麼不能採用以下低成本太陽能光伏布局 (理由是會影響地中海水貭, 除非將排水用 1,000公里管道輸送往摩洛哥入海, 與此同時, 附近的阿爾及利亞  Chott Melrhir 低地 (海平面下 40 公尺, 6,700平方公里)也有機會利用同一管道, 見下圖紅點):   

 

Source: Google map

突尼斯低成本太陽能光伏布局 :

於海口處設全日水力發電, 引地中海水入傑里德大鹽湖 Chott el Djerid 低地 (海平面下 10 至 25 公尺, 7,000平方公里). 日出即由光伏陣列發電提低地之水上附近地面巨大貯水池.  水池滿溢後水倒流入低地發電, 同一池水循環再用多次. 地中海入口處只容許進水.  排水方面, 地面貯水池有 1000 公里密封管道通往摩洛哥入海.  設計水體循環若干年一次, 避免水質因蒸發而過鹹,  類似的工程還有附近阿爾及利亞  Chott Melrhir 低地 ( 見上圖紅點),  摩洛哥鹽盤 Tah 工程計劃,  智利 Valhalla.cl  (2017年內開始建造),  死海,  埃及 Qattara 低地等等.  

撒哈拉熱帶沙漠 (少於 20% 是沙漠, 其他是岩漠 hamada)  若有設施如海水管道,  加上海水淡化可容納大量移民. 大規模綠化沙漠之下, 管道出口可設於摩洛哥, 西撒哈拉二國分界處出海.

 為什麽要用 1,000 公里管道而不用運河?  因為長運河涉及龐大管理(如風沙之移除), 須避免停電維修.

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Wikipedia 記載摩洛哥 2008 已有類似計劃 (風力提水):

摩洛哥 Hybrid Sebkha 鹽盤 Tah Project 工程計劃: 

Source: Google map

海邊 Tah 鹽盤低地位於摩洛哥與西薩哈拉分界(虛)線上

Hybrid Sebkha 鹽盤 Tah Project 

One project plans to link the high wind potential of the Tarfaya region with the difference in altitude between the ocean and the sebkha 鹽盤 to produce electric power on demand. The water pumped into the ocean would feed hydraulic turbines before arriving in the sebkha Tah 55 meters below. Part of the energy produced by the wind, when it is available, is used to drive pump driving back to the ocean water stored in the basin.   

摩洛哥鹽沼  

鹽沼 塔赫 是 sebkha 位於最南端 摩洛哥 在該地區 Laayoune-Boujdour-Sakia el Hamra 附近的城市 塔法亞。該海盆位於海平面以下55米處，是該國最低點。距離有14公里大西洋，長30公里，寬10公里，面積為250平方公里。 Source: Wikipedia

Source: http://moroccanenergy.blogspot.com/2013/03/sabkha-tah.html

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Giant Tunisian desert solar project aims to power EU

04/08/2017 轉載自 : http://www.climatechangenews.com/2017/08/04/giant-solar-project-tests-sahara-eu-power-export-dream/

Developer TuNur this week applied for authorisation to build a massive solar plant on the edge of the Tunisian Sahara, with undersea grid connections to Europe

TuNur is proposing a series of concentrated solar plants like Spain's Gemasolar, here pictured from the historic Solar Impulse round-the-world flight in July (Pic: Solar Impulse)

By Megan Darby

There has been talk of tapping into the Sahara desert’s vast resources of sunshine to power Europe for years, but little to show for it.
The high-profile Desertec initiative, conceived with 19 shareholders and a budget of €400 billion, flopped 撲通落下 amid cost concerns and political instability across North Africa.
Now a massive project in Tunisia is hoping to be the first to make the solar power export dream a reality. Developer TuNur this week filed a permit request to the energy ministry to build 4.5GW of capacity near Rjim Maatoug, in the southwest of the country.
The electricity generated is destined for Europe, with cables under the sea to Malta, Italy and France.
If all goes smoothly, TuNur chief executive Kevin Sara told Climate Home a first 250MW phase, with a connection to Malta, could be running by 2020, for an estimated €1.6 billion investment.

Report: Conflict-hit Syrian hospital goes solar to save lives

The business case rests on Tunisia’s bountiful sunshine – up to 20% more than the best sites in Europe, according to TuNur – and vast area of uncultivated land. EU climate and clean energy goals create demand.
TuNur plans to use concentrated solar power technology, which works by reflecting the sun’s rays onto a central tower from an array of mirrors. Using molten salt to store the energy, it can flex 顯示力量 generation to meet variable demand. The initial 250MW plant would already be one of the largest thermal solar facilities on earth.

(Source: TuNur)

If fully realised, the development would cover 25,000 hectares, nearly three times the area of Manhattan. “There is so much land, which is completely marginal land – it is not good enough for agriculture,” said Sara. “It is just sitting there and the local people are delighted that we are coming to do something with it.”
In 2014, Tunisia became the third country in the world to ink climate protection into its constitution. That was followed by a renewable energy law in 2015.
Political hurdles remain. TuNur lobbied hard to get provision for exports included in the clean energy legislation, against resistance from the state electricity monopoly. This is its first test case.
The Tunisian energy ministry did not respond to an emailed request for comment.
“This was really the will of the parliament that the renewable energy export industry be opened up,” said Sara. “We are cautiously optimistic.”

Report: Tunisia embeds climate change in constitution

The TuNur project is 50% owned by UK-based company Nur Energie and 50% owned by investors from Tunisia and Malta.
Some north Africans are wary of the whole enterprise. In a 2015 critique of the Desertec initiative published in the New Internationalist, Algerian activist Hamza Hamouchene accused its proponents of neo-colonialism.
“The Sahara is described as a vast empty land, sparsely populated; constituting a golden opportunity to provide Europe with electricity so it can continue its extravagant consumerist lifestyle and profligate 肆意揮霍 energy consumption,” he wrote.
“This is the same language used by colonial powers to justify their civilizing mission and, as an African myself, I cannot help but be very suspicious of such megaprojects and their ‘well-intentioned’ motives that are often sugar-coating brutal exploitation and sheer robbery.”
The TuNur export project was being discussed while Tunisians faced power outages 停電 and relied on neighbouring Algeria for energy, he added.
But Sara said people in the region were supportive of the project. Indeed, he argued building a solar industry would help redress the inequality between Tunisia’s wealthy coastal cities and underdeveloped interior. “What we want to do is really create a [solar export] sector and other people to follow us.”
A press release announcing the application to the government cites Mohamed Larbi Ben Said, chair of the management board for El Ghrib Collective, which owns the land. “This project provides the economic development necessary for our region and our community; it gives true value to quasi-desert lands in an environmentally sustainable way,” he said.
TuNur was associated with the Desertec Industrial Initiative, but Sara expressed confidence in avoiding its fate: “What we found [with Desertec] was a big consortium of companies looking for business opportunities, but no plan, no projects. That was the problem. We have always been focused on a very specific project on a specific site.”

Related posts:

1. Desertec in trouble as founders quit €400 billion solar project
2. India unveils plans for massive concentrated solar power
3. UAE funds Africa’s largest solar power plant
4. Solar expert aims to build 100 power stations in two weeks

揭秘马斯克清洁能源计划：用太阳能满足能源需求

                     

  2017-09-15    网易科技  轉載自: http://www.china5e.com/news/news-1002710-1.html

据Inverse报道，特斯拉电动汽车公司不仅仅制造电动汽车，现在也开始生产太阳能屋顶。该公司首席执行官伊隆-马斯克(Elon Musk)在不久前的全国州长协会会议上提醒30多位州长，要确保太阳能满足美国能源需求，基础设施占地面积“非常小”。他说：“如果你想用太阳能电池板 为整个美国供电，那么它只会占据内华达州、德克萨斯州或犹他州很小的角落，只需要160公里×160公里的太阳能电池板就能给整个美国供电，你需要储存电 能的电池则要占地1.6公里×1.60公里。所以在美国地图上，它只是个小正方形。”

马斯克还阐述了他对可再生能源的愿景，即依靠太阳能电池板从太阳能中获取电力，以满足交通、用电以及供暖等领域对能源的巨大需求。马斯克可能更喜欢使用特斯拉生产的太阳能电池板，目前美国约有10%的能源来自可再生能源。
1.太阳能屋顶+电网级太阳能发电站
马斯克认为，美国的太阳能未来将是屋顶太阳能(在郊区房子顶部安装太阳能电池板)与其他地区可以满足需求的电网级太阳能电池相结合。最近，特斯拉证 实，它将建造巨大的太阳能电池来帮助南澳大利亚解决电力供应短缺的问题。马斯克很可能希望看到特斯拉的电网级储电设备Powerpack投入使用，这款设 备由太阳能电池板阵列和数十块汽车大小的电池组成。

2.在转换过程中使用其他电源
马斯克曾解释说：“我们需要将电网级太阳能和屋顶太阳能结合起来，同时结合风能发电、地热发电以及水力发电，可能还需要一些核能，才能过渡到可持续发展的环境。”
3.建立基础设施和本地化电网
局部电网(如屋顶上的太阳能电池板)很重要，因为它可减少基础设施需求，例如大型输电线路。马斯克说：“人们不喜欢通过他们邻居的输电线，我也同意 这个观点。从物理学的角度来看，屋顶太阳能和电网级太阳能将是一个不错的解决方案。我真的能看到实现这个目标的其他方法。”为什么太阳能比其他发电方式有 更多优势?马斯克表示，自从人类出现以来，就始终依赖太阳生存，现在也是如此。
马斯克表示:“今天的地球几乎完全是由太阳能驱动的，因为太阳是唯一能让我们远离宇宙背景辐射温度的物体，它比绝对零度高出3度。如果没有太阳的 话，地球就会变成一个冰冷、黑暗的冰球。从太阳照射到地球的能量是巨大的，占地球所有能量总量的99%。毕竟，太阳是个巨大的能量球，不管怎么说，人们都 在谈论核聚变，但太阳是天空中一个巨大的核聚变反应堆。它真的很可靠，每天都会出现。如果没有出现，意味着我们就会遇到更大的问题。”
使用太阳能意味着要停用化石燃料

南达科他州州长丹尼斯-道加德(Dennis Daugaard)问道，在汽油价格非常低的情况下，为什么马斯克认为电动汽车的未来依然光明。他回答说:“毫无疑问,所有运输(除了火箭)都会全电动化。”
马斯克解释了电动汽车与燃油汽车竞争时面临的“大挑战”：从本质上说，它可以归结为这样一个事实：汽油车辆污染在字面上有巨大影响，此外化石燃料的 价格也至关重要。马斯克表示:“化石燃料的成本存在着外部因素影响，这种影响在改变大气和海洋化学成分的过程中产生更严重的危害。但是由于它不受汽油价格 影响，所以也没有驱动正确的行为。这就像扔垃圾是免费的，不会受到任何惩罚，你可以按自己的意愿去做。街道上很快到处都是垃圾。我们还监管很多其他的事 情，比如硫排放和一氧化二氮排放，在这些方面做得很好。
令人感到惊讶的是，马斯克说他确实对大型石油公司感到遗憾，因为在100多年前这些公司成立之时，几乎没有迹象表明他们的标志会在几代人之后被视为 邪恶的象征。马斯克说：“他们非常努力地创建了这些公司，并觉得自己受到了道德上的攻击。我们不能立即改变现状，这是事实。不过，这些家伙也会非常努力地 减缓这种变化，而这正是我认为他们在道德上存在缺陷的主因。”
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Here's Elon Musk's Plan to Power the U.S. on Solar Energy

"The sun is a giant fusion reactor in the sky."

By Nick Lucchesi

on July 16, 2017  https://www.inverse.com/article/34239-how-many-solar-panels-to-power-the-usa

Tesla CEO Elon Musk — whose company makes electric cars and has a new solar roof panel division — reminded more than 30 state governors at the National Governors Association meeting this weekend exactly how much real-estate is needed to make sure America can run totally on solar energy.

“If you wanted to power the entire United States with solar panels, it would take a fairly small corner of Nevada or Texas or Utah; you only need about 100 miles by 100 miles of solar panels to power the entire United States,” Musk said during his keynote conversation on Saturday at the event in Rhode Island. “The batteries you need to store the energy, so you have 24/7 power, is 1 mile by 1 mile. One square-mile.”

It’s “a little square on the U.S. map, and then there’s a little pixel 像素  inside there, and that’s the size of the battery park that you need to support that. Real tiny.”

Musk laid out his vision for renewable energy that relies on capturing power from the sun via solar panels — Musk would probably prefer the solar panels are made by Tesla — to fill the enormous demand for energy in the areas of transportation, electricity, and heating.

Currently, about 10 percent of energy in the U.S. is renewable.

Solar roof panels in Los Angeles.

1. Combine Rooftop Solar Panels and Utility-Sized Solar Plants

Musk sees the solar future for America as a combination of rooftop solar — the panels on a house in the suburbs — and utility-scale solar that can make up needs in other areas. Recently, Tesla confirmed it would build a massive solar-powered battery to help power-starved South Australia.

The Tesla Powerpack setup is seen in this company rendering.

Musk would likely want to see the Tesla Powerpack — its utility-scale product that uses fields of solar panels and dozens of car-sized batteries — used.

2. Use Other Power Sources During the Transition

“We’ll need to be a combination of utility-scale solar and rooftop solar, combined with wind, geothermal, hydro, probably some nuclear for a while, in order to transition to a sustainable situation,” Musk explained on Saturday.

3. Build Infrastructure and Localize Power

Localized power — aka (abbreviation for also known as)  solar panels on a roof — is important because it reduces infrastructure, like big power lines.

“People do not like transmission lines going through their neighborhood. They really don’t like that, and I agree,” Musk said.

“Rooftop solar, utility solar; that’s really going to be a solution from the physics standpoint,” he said. “I can really see another way to really do it.”

Why solar energy over other methods of power generation? Musk says humans have been relying on the sun for as long as there have been humans, basically. It’s worked up to now.

The sun powers all this anyway.

“The Earth is almost entirely solar-powered today, in the sense that the sun is the only thing that keeps us from being at the temperature of cosmic background radiation, which is 3 degrees above absolute-zero,” he said. “If it wasn’t for the sun, we’d be a frozen, dark ice ball. The amount of energy that reaches us from the sun is tremendous. It’s the 99 percent-plus of all energy that Earth has.”

After all, the sun’s a mind-bogglingly big energy ball, anyway: “People talk about fusion and all that, but the sun is a giant fusion reactor in the sky. It’s really reliable. It comes up every day. If it doesn’t, we’ve got bigger problems.”

Going on Solar Means Going Off Fossil Fuels

South Dakota Governor Dennis Daugaard asked why exactly Musk thinks electric cars have a future in the face of very low gasoline prices. (Musk envisions Tesla’s vehicles running off power captured by solar panels that recharge a car’s battery. It all goes back to the sun for him.)

After saying “there’s no question whatsoever that all transport — with the ironic exception of rockets — will go fully electric,” Musk explained the “big challenge” for electric cars competing with gasoline-powered vehicles: Essentially, it boils down to the fact that pollution from gasoline-powered vehicles has a huge impact on literally everything, except, crucially, the price of gas.

“There’s an unpriced externality in the cost of fossil fuels,” Musk said. “The unpriced externality is the probability-weighted harm of changing the chemical constituency of the atmosphere and oceans. Since it is not captured in the price of gasoline, it does not drive the right behavior. It’d be like if tossing out garbage was just free, and there was no penalty, and you could do it as much as you want. The streets would be full of garbage. We’ve regulated a lot of other things, like sulfur emissions and nitrous oxide emissions; it’s done a lot of good on that front.”

Surprisingly, Musk said he does feel some pity for big oil, in that when those companies were founded more than 100 years ago, there was very little indication that their logos would be seen as villainous a few generations later.

“They worked really hard to create those companies,” Musk said. “They feel like they are being attacked on moral grounds. And it is true that we cannot instantaneously change to a sustainable situation.”

He added one caveat 警告 預告,, though: “But then those guys will also fight pretty hard to slow down the change, and that’s really what I think is morally wrong.”

815全臺灣大停電的報導

維基百科大篇幅報導2017年8月15日全臺灣大停電

科技部長陳良基透露，有鑑於特斯拉將建造出100百萬瓦特鋰離子電池，為南澳大利亞約3萬戶人家供電，科技部將嘗試與電動車大廠特斯拉接觸，向特斯拉「表達高度興趣」。

南投大觀電廠更是38年來首次緊急抽取日月潭水庫的水進行水力發電，日月潭水位因此下降3公尺。Source:   https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/815全臺大停電



延伸閱讀:   https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/台湾大面积停电事件列表

電視版本回看重温須搜索 : 關鍵時刻停電

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台灣電力連兩分鐘都撐不了！？「系統性崩壞」八一五全台大停電！ 關鍵時刻 20170815-4 朱學恒 黃創夏 傅鶴齡