2060年大洪災 全球十億人受害
http://www.christianaid.org.uk/Images/act-now-pay-later-climate-report-may-2016.pdf （研究全文）
英國最新研究指出，在2060年以前，全球將有十億人深受洪災之苦，其中又以美國、印度和中國受害最深。（法新社）
英國研究顯示，南亞將是洪災最為慘重的地區，印度城市孟買和加爾各答，孟加拉首都達卡（Dhaka）都將深受其害，估計至少有1100萬人將面臨洪災之害。
另外，亞洲城市像是上海、廣州、曼谷、仰光和胡志明市，可能也有數百萬人受到洪災的威脅，其中又以窮人受害最深。
在美國東南沿岸，邁阿密也將洪災不斷，預計財務損失高達3.5兆美元，紐約的財務損失也有2.1兆美元。
研究作者道伊格（Alison Doig）指出，南方的巨型城市（mega-city）例如加爾各答，當地居民最有可能因海平面上升以及雨量增加，受到生命的威脅。
最後研究呼籲，全球當務之急就是減低二氧化碳的排放，以抑止氣溫上升，只要各國通力合作，超級洪災是可以避免的。
http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/1698541
The Japanese mayor who was laughed at for building a huge sea wall - until his village was left almost untouched by tsunami
Updated: 01:32 GMT, 14 May 2011
The
huge sea wall and floodgates took 12 years to build and had been widely
regarded as a £20million folly. But today one former Japanese mayor is
being hailed as a saviour after the grandiose construction allowed his
small town escaped the devastation wrought by the March 11 tsunami.
In the rubble of Japan's northeast coast, Fudai 岩手縣普代村 stands as tall as ever after. No homes were swept away. In fact, they
barely got wet.The 3,000 residents owe their lives to the late Kotaku
Wamura, who lived through an earlier tsunami and made it a priority of
his four-decade tenure as mayor to defend his people from the next one.
The
51-foot-high gate, which was criticised as being a wasteful public
works project in the 1970s, protected the town from the tsunami
The
floodgate project was criticized as wasteful in the 1970s. But the gate
and an equally high seawall behind the community's adjacent fishing
port protected Fudai from the waves that obliterated so many other
towns.
Since the tsunami, residents have been visiting his grave to pay respects.
'It
cost a lot of money. But without it, Fudai would have disappeared,'
said seaweed fisherman Satoshi Kaneko, 55, whose business has been
ruined but who is happy to have his family and home intact.
Two months after the disaster, more than 25,000 are missing or dead.
'However
you look at it, the effectiveness of the floodgate and seawall was
truly impressive,' Fudai Mayor Hiroshi Fukawatari said.
Fudai
Junior High School students clean their tennis court after the tsunami-
but compared to other towns, they escaped relatively unscathed thanks
to the sea wall pictured in the background
Towns
to the north and south also braced against tsunamis with concrete
seawalls, breakwaters and other protective structures. But none were as
tall as Fudai's.
The
town of Taro believed it had the ultimate fort - a double-layered
33-foot-tall (10-meter-tall) seawall spanning 1.6 miles (2.5 kilometers)
across a bay. It proved no match for the tsunami two months ago.
In
Fudai, the waves rose as high as 66 feet (20 meters), as water marks
show on the floodgate's towers. So some ocean water did flow over but it
caused minimal damage. The gate broke the tsunami's main thrust. And
the community is lucky to have two mountainsides flanking the gate,
offering a natural barrier.
Fudai,
about 320 miles (510 kilometers) north of Tokyo, depends on the sea.
Fishermen boast of the seaweed they harvest. A pretty, white-sand beach
lures tourists every summer.
But
10-term mayor Wamura never forgot how quickly the sea could turn.
Massive earthquake-triggered tsunamis flattened Japan's northeast coast
in 1933 and 1896. In Fudai, the two disasters destroyed hundreds of
homes and killed 439 people.
'When
I saw bodies being dug up from the piles of earth, I did not know what
to say. I had no words,' Wamura wrote of the 1933 tsunami in his book
about Fudai, 'A 40-Year Fight Against Poverty.'
Even current Mayor Fukawatari, who helped oversee construction, had his doubts
He vowed it would never happen again.
In
1967, the town erected a 51-foot (15.5-meter) seawall to shield homes
behind the fishing port. But Wamura wasn't finished. He had a bigger
project in mind for the cove up the road, where most of the community
was located.
That
area needed a floodgate with panels that could be lifted to allow the
Fudai River to empty into the cove and lowered to block tsunamis.
He insisted the structure be as tall as the seawall.
The village council initially balked.
'They
weren't necessarily against the idea of floodgates, just the size,'
said Yuzo Mifune, head of Fudai's resident services and an unofficial
floodgate historian. 'But Wamura somehow persuaded them that this was
the only way to protect lives.'
Construction
began in 1972 despite lingering concerns about its size as well as
bitterness among landowners forced to sell land to the government.
Even current Mayor Fukawatari, who helped oversee construction, had his doubts.
'I did wonder whether we needed something this big,' he said in an interview at his office.
Japanese soldiers pray for victims. Two months after the disaster, more than 25,000 are missing or dead
The
concrete structure spanning 673 feet (205 meters) was completed in
1984. The total bill of 3.56 billion yen was split between the
prefecture and central government, which financed public works as part
of its postwar economic strategy.
On
March 11, after the 9.0 earthquake hit, workers remotely closed the
floodgate's four main panels. Smaller panels on the sides jammed, and a
firefighter had to rush down to shut them by hand.
The
tsunami battered the white beach in the cove, leaving debris and fallen
trees. But behind the floodgate, the village is virtually untouched.
Fudai
Elementary School sits no more than a few minutes walk inland. It looks
the same as it did on March 10. A group of boys recently ran laps
around a baseball field that was clear of the junk piled up in other
coastal neighborhoods.
Their
coach, Sachio Kamimukai, was born and raised in Fudai. He said he never
thought much about the floodgate until the tsunami.
'It was just always something that was there,' said Kamimukai, 36. 'But I'm very thankful now.'
The
floodgate works for Fudai's layout, in a narrow valley, but it wouldn't
necessarily be the solution for other places, Fukawatari said.
Fudai's
biggest casualty was its port, where the tsunami destroyed boats,
equipment and warehouses. The village estimates losses of 3.8 billion
yen ($47 million) to its fisheries industry. One resident remains
missing. He made the unlucky decision to check on his boat after the
earthquake.
Wamura, who died in 1997 at age 88, left office three years after the floodgate was completed.
At
his retirement, Wamura stood before village employees to bid farewell:
'Even if you encounter opposition, have conviction and finish what you
start. In the end, people will understand.'
"Even if you encounter opposition, have conviction and finish what you start. In the end, people will understand."
-Kotaku Wamura
http://www.oistbpl.com/Event_Detail.aspx?nid=226&type=r
村民们在海啸后纷纷到提议修建它的Kotaku墓前表达谢意与敬意。Kotaku早年经历过大海啸，死里逃生当选村长后，他认为自己有责任修建一座海堤，使后来的村民免受海啸威胁。
工程始建于1972年，花费35亿多日元在1984年最终完工。海堤宽205米，高15.5米，并装有一个水闸以引普代河河水进入村庄，同时防御海啸。
Kotaku在海堤修好后第三年退休。1997年，88岁的他去世。 http://news.sohu.com/20110516/n307596283.shtml
沒有留言:
張貼留言