GE creates ‘sunrotor’ system to store, generate clean energy

GE 希望利用 CO2 廢氣配合太陽能來發電

Eric Chan , @erichankc  https://chinese.engadget.com/2016/03/10/co2-solar-batteries-general-electric

有兩個問題纏繞著環境科學家多個世紀，一是如何把太陽能電力儲存；二是如何處理因為燃燒碳而產生的 CO2。通用電氣（GE）的科學家想到了一個一石二鳥的方法，就是利用 CO2 作為巨型電池來儲存多餘電力。做法類似在加州的 Ivanpah 太陽能發電廠，利用鏡子集中反射太陽熱力至中央的鹽（GE 未有指出是哪種類的鹽）。同時，CO2 將會在地下儲存，把多餘的能源以固體乾冰的狀態儲存。 當在用電量高峰的時候，電廠就能利用燒熱的晶體把固態的 CO2 加熱至「超臨界（supercritical）」的狀態。這些介乎氣態與固態之間的 CO2 就能用作推動渦輪機發機。下圖所示的 Sunrotor 原型模型，在 GE 把它正式建造出來後，據稱將能為 100,000 戶家庭提供電力。

這設計還能為燃氣發電廠減少熱散、提升效率。GE 的資深工程師 Stephen Sanborn 的說法，系統可提升一倍的產量，並把現在每生產 1 兆瓦時電力的成本由 250 美元減至 100 美元。能這樣大幅降低成本，是因為他們不再是「製造」能源，而是從太陽或渦輪的排氣中提取能源，並把它們儲存和轉化使用。除此之外，新系統的能源轉換率更比燃氣的 61% 提高至 68%。

可是因為這套系統非常複雜，而且需要冷藏、熱傳導、能源儲存和化學工程方面的專才，幸好 GE 內部也集齊了相關領域的研究人員才能成事。短期內，這技術將能透過減少廢氣排放而為燃氣電廠提升 25% 至 50％ 的效率，並大幅減少 CO2 的排放。而 Sanborn 則預計系統最快可在 5 至 10 年內投入商用，最終的目標是透過達成一套高效率、高效能的可再生能源系統，減少對化石燃料產電的依賴。  

               

2016 年 3 月 10 日GE creates ‘sunrotor’ system to store, generate clean energy

Brittany A. Roston - Mar 9, 2016  

https://www.slashgear.com/ge-creates-sunrotor-system-to-store-generate-clean-energy-09430845/

 A solar thermal power concentrates heat from the sun to boil water and use the steam to generate electricity. Image credit: Getty Images 

GE researchers have developed a new technology that uses CO2 to generate a substantial amount of clean energy, and it doubles as an energy storage solution for solar panels. CO2, of course, is one big cause of climate change, and the irony isn’t lost on GE. By using the technology, solar storage and clean energy could be made more efficient while simultaneously reducing the amount of fossil fuels needed to power homes and dealing with harmful CO2 pollution wrecking the environment.

In a statement on Tuesday, GE detailed the work of Stephen Sanborn, a senior engineer with GE Global Research and the principal investigator for this project. The issue concerns energy demands that come at times when solar is not ideal, and presents a way to store surplus energy when the weather is more than ideal. During the long dark days of winter, for example, having a surplus of energy is necessary to meet demand. During the bright, long days of summer, solar arrays may generate more electricity than current technologies can adequately store.

A life-size prototype of GE’s “sunrotor” on a shelf at GRC. This 10 megawatt prototype is the basis for the full-scale system which stores 100 megawatt-hours and generates power at 33 megawatt, Sanborn says. Image credit: GE Global Research


The solution could be the contraption you see above, a so-called ‘sunrotor’ that functions as a CO2 turbine based on the company’s own steam turbine design. Rather than using steam, though, the sunrotor uses CO2 that is heated from its dry ice stage into a supercritical fluid using molten salt. This particular prototype is able to generate 100megawatts of electricity.

The storage part comes from how the system deals with the CO2 — in this case, solar heat is stored in molten salt, and extra electricity is used to cool CO2 into dry ice. When more electricity is needed than the system is able to provide in that moment, the salt is then used to warm up the dry ice, powering the sunrotor and generating electricity to fill in the gap.

Adding the system to existing solar setups would be simple, according to GE; right now, researchers are focusing on the bringing the cost-per-megawatt down to $100.

General Electric has been increasingly working toward a more green future, and to that end it recently announced plans to focus solely on LED bulbs in the U.S., ditching CFLs 慳電膽 and the problems they present. The time is right, GE had said, as the technology has improved while costs have come down substantially. Though an LED bulb is usually still more expensive than a CFL bulb, they last much longer and, as one example, illuminate at full brightness instantly rather than taking a few minutes to warm up.

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GE原文: https://www.ge.com/reports/this-scientist-has-turned-the-tables-on-greenhouse-gas-using-co2-to-generate-electricity/

Tables On Greenhouse Gas, Using CO2 To Generate Electricity

Mar 7, 2016 by Mark Egan

Solar power is a great source of renewable energy, but as with many things in life, timing is everything. The sun doesn’t shine on long winter nights when people turn on their lights. On the other hand, a sunny Sunday afternoon can produce an ample electricity surplus that’s difficult to store.

“That’s the grand challenge,” says Stephen Sanborn, senior engineer and principal investigator at GE Global Research (GRC). “We need to make renewable energy available to the grid when it is needed.”

Sanborn and his team decided to solve this problem by storing some of the heat generated by thermal solar power plants in carbon dioxide. These power plants concentrate solar rays with vast fields of mirrors and use the heat to generate steam that spins a turbine. The carbon dioxide effectively works like a battery that can quickly release energy during peak demand.

The irony, of course, is that CO2 is the prime contributor to climate change, and the reason the world is switching to renewable energy in the first place.

The work is part of a research partnership between the GRC and the U.S. Department of Energy. Sanborn says the solution could revolutionize the solar power industry and also make natural-gas power plants more efficient.Here’s how it works. The design has two main parts. The first one collects heat energy from the sun and stores it in a liquid of molten salt. “This is the hot side of the solution,” Sanborn says. The other component uses surplus electricity from the grid to cool a pool of liquid CO2 so that it becomes dry ice.

During power generation, the salt releases the heat to expand the cold CO2 into a supercritical fluid, a state of matter where it no longer has specific liquid and gas phases. It allows engineers to make the system more efficient.

The supercritical fluid will flow into an innovative CO2 turbine called the sunrotor, which is based on a GE steam turbine design. Although the turbine can fit on an office shelf (see image above) it can generate as much as 100 megawatts of “fast electricity” per installed unit—enough to power 100,000 U.S. homes.

Sanborn believes that a large-scale deployment of the design would be able to store “significant amounts” of power —— and deliver it back to the grid when needed. “We’re not talking about three car batteries here,” he says. “The result is a high-efficiency, high-performance renewable energy system that will reduce the use of fossil fuels for power generation.”

He says the system could be easily connected to a solar power system or a typical gas turbine. The tanks and generators could fit on trailers  拖車. His goal is to bring the cost to $100 per megawatt-hour, way down from the $250 it costs to produce the same amount in a gas-fired power plant. “It is so cheap because you are not making the energy, you are taking the energy from the sun or the turbine exhaust, storing it and transferring it,” says Sanborn.

The process is also highly efficient, Sanborn says, yielding as much as 68 percent of the stored energy back to the grid. The most efficient gas power plants yield 61 percent.

The team is now building a conceptual design, which Sanborn believes could take five to 10 years to get from concept to market.

GE is also looking at other commercial applications that could be made available sooner. One such utilizes the waste exhaust heat from a natural gas generator. Sanborn says the solution could make gas-fired power plants 25 to 50 percent more efficient. That, he says, would be a major environmental benefit, because it would significantly reduce the overall CO2 emissions per kW hour of electricity produced by gas-powered plants.

Sanborn’s included in his team turbine experts, thermal engineers who understand refrigeration, heat-transfer scientists, chemical engineers who know how CO2 behaves and energy-storage experts. “We call all this expertise we have at our fingertips the GE Store,” he says. “It would be very difficult for me to do everything that this research calls for without that deep expertise of people available at GE.”

加納進口的歐洲二手電器產品,比全新的亞洲產品好用

電子產品發展迅速，除了令人們生活更方便，還製造更多無法回收的電子垃圾。這些有害的科技廢物被棄置到非洲等貧窮國家後，會為當地人民和大自然帶來多大的危機？

轉載自: http://www.rthk.hk/tv/dtt31/programme/31seetheworld

英國的電器用壞了, 不容易找到會修理的人, 香港也是,  於是有小部份經回收循環, 運到去發展中國家, 經維修後再投入市場也有一定需求.

上面圖片的文字說明他是一個加納原子能研究科學家, 他說加納的一般人覺得, 有的時候, 入口的歐洲二手電器產品, 比全新的更好用和更優質, 有些實踐証明這是事實.  因為大部份亞洲出產的電器,  品質都是很一般(廣東話是麻麻地), 很容易壞, 一般加納人寧願買歐洲的二手貨, 會更好用和不易損壞.
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博主經驗:

香港也是這樣的. 我住在市郊小區(1,200户), 其他住户搬家丟棄的南韓Queen Art 電磁爐鑊可以繼續用上十年, 自己買的本地名牌Meyer 電磁爐鑊用不了多久便穿底, 因為冲床冲得不平均冲穿了, 但Meyer不肯更換. 22 年前在佐敦道大國貨公司用1,475港元買的OSIM血壓計,一次沒用過便整個腐爛了, 小區回收的日本舊血壓計更為好用. 沐浴花灑喉經常換, 回收洗衣機給水喉或煤氣喉取而代之便可以一勞永逸. 還好未買數碼收音機(已取消廣播), 回收舊收音機便可. 買了高清數碼電視但仍沉迷模擬制式以便學習英語 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_b96391280102xndr.html   及普通話. 高官寧買英國樓也不買本地樓也是同一道理. 造飛機不如買, 買不如租, 但飛機仍是要造的, 學習過程也很長.

我国生物燃料乙醇拥有巨大发展空间

—产量在全球占比仅为3%，不及美国十分之一

 

2018-03-23 经济日报黄鑫  http://www.ce.cn/cysc/ny/gdxw/201803/23/t20180323_28579546.shtml

近年来，生物燃料乙醇在全球范围内获得了长足发展。我国虽然在该领域具备了一定的生产能力，但与发达国家相比还存在明显差距。从长远看，发展生物燃料乙醇将会更好地促进粮食供需平衡，带动农村经济发展.

　　“生物燃料乙醇产业已成为新的经济增长点，是发展农村经济的重要举措。我国生物燃料乙醇产量目前约为260万吨，与发达国家相比还有明显差距，还需加大推广力度。”在日前举行的媒体沟通会上，化工技术专家、中国石化科技部原主任乔映宾说。

　　生物燃料乙醇可以制成车用乙醇汽油。业界专家认为，发展生物燃料乙醇的意义在于解决农业问题。多年来，我国一直在加大玉米就地转化的力度，其中出路之一是发展生物燃料乙醇。

　　国际经验表明，发展生物燃料乙醇可以为大宗农产品建立长期、稳定、可控的加工转化渠道，提高国家对粮食市场的调控能力。比如，美国用玉米总产量的37%生产燃料乙醇，维持了玉米价格；巴西通过甘蔗—糖—乙醇联产，保障了国内甘蔗和糖价稳定，维护了农民利益。

　　“发展生物燃料乙醇有利于促进粮食供求平衡，形成粮食生产和消费良性循环发展的局面，从而稳定农业生产，为农民开辟增收渠道，带动农业增效和农村经济发展。尤其是东北地区有着发展生物燃料乙醇的产业基础，有利于东北振兴。”中国工程院院士岳国君说。

　　据测算，我国每年产生的超期超标等粮食可支撑一定规模的生物燃料乙醇生产。此外，国际市场玉米和木薯年贸易量达1.7亿吨，5%即可转化为生物燃料乙醇近300万吨。国内每年可利用的秸秆和林业废弃物超过4亿吨，30%即可生产生物燃料乙醇2000万吨。这些都为扩大生物燃料乙醇生产消费和实现可持续发展提供了可靠的原料保障。

　　不仅如此，生物燃料乙醇还可以减少二氧化碳以及机动车尾气中的颗粒物、一氧化碳、碳氢化合物等有害物质排放，有利于改善生态环境。

　　目前，全球燃料乙醇产量为7975万吨。其中，美国使用4560万吨玉米燃料乙醇，占其汽油消耗的10.2%，减少5.1亿桶原油进口，节省201亿美元，创造了420亿美元GDP和34万个就业岗位，增加税收85亿美元。巴西年产乙醇2189万吨，超过汽油消耗的40%，乙醇和蔗渣发电已占全国能源供应的15.7%。

　　全球都在大力发展生物燃料乙醇产业，中国也不例外。2017年9月份，我国提出到2020年，全国范围内将基本实现车用乙醇汽油全覆盖。目前，我国有11个省区试点推广乙醇汽油，乙醇汽油消费量占同期全国汽油消费总量的五分之一。

　　我国生物燃料乙醇产量约为260万吨，在全球占比仅为3%，位列第三。第一和第二分别为美国（4410万吨）和巴西（2128万吨），可见我国生物燃料乙醇产业仍有很大发展空间。

　　我国生物燃料乙醇产业经过十多年发展，以玉米、木薯等为原料的1代和1.5代生产技术工艺成熟稳定，以秸秆等农林废弃物为原料的2代先进生物燃料技术已具备产业化示范条件。

　　“我国具有生物燃料乙醇技术领先的优势，不仅能实现2020年全国使用E10乙醇汽油的目标，更可以输出技术、装备，帮助其他国家建立和发展生物燃料乙醇产业。”乔映宾说。

库布其光伏成为空气污染解决方案

彭博市场：库布其光伏成为空气污染解决方案

2018年03月22日   经济日报-中国经济网   http://intl.ce.cn/specials/zxgjzh/201803/22/t20180322_28576614.shtml

3月22日讯全世界都在关注发展中国家的空气污染问题，中国作为最大的发展中国家，在发展清洁能源方面走在了前列。在中国第七大沙漠库布其，亿利资源集团建成了中国最大的沙漠太阳能电站，受到国际社会广泛关注。

《彭博市场》在日前一篇报道中提出，清洁能源正在成为中国解决空气污染的有效办法之一。以库布其规划的1000MWp光伏（已建成310MWp）为例，每年可节约标准煤约44万吨，降低排放CO2约116万吨、SO2约4万吨、氮氧化物（NOX）约2万吨、粉尘约35万吨。

　　根据布隆伯格新能源金融公司（BNEF）的数据，到2020年，这一目标将使中国的太阳能发电量达到约290GW，几乎与2016年末的全球总和一样多。这种规模应该有助于推动太阳能发电成本接近煤炭发电的成本。BNEF预测，到2021年，在中国日照最充足的地区，大型电站规模的太阳能发电的平准化电力成本将低于新建煤电厂的成本。

库布其沙漠太阳能资源十分丰富，年日照时数3180小时以上，已建成生态太阳能310MWp，治沙面积约2万亩，已于2016年6月16日并网发电。项目采用“板上发电、板下种草、板间养殖”立体化的新型产业模式，项目整体建成后，社会效益、生态效益、民生效益、经济效益十分显著。

　　依靠库布其光伏的成功经验，这种模式已经走出去，亿利资源集团在张家口区域建成并网发电共计292.4MWp光伏项目，其中张家口京张迎宾廊道240MW生态光伏，每年可向国家电网提供3.5亿千瓦时的绿色电能。与相同发电量的火电项目比较，每年可节约标煤11万吨，减少二氧化碳排量30万吨。

　　库布其光伏的并网，不仅每年可实现销售收入4.5亿元，节能减排、降尘消霾、治沙改土，使生态清洁能源的发展更加可持续，而且通过土地租用、建设安装、运营维护（清洁光伏组件、板下种植养殖）等方式，带动周边农牧民增收，使生态光伏扶贫落到实处。

　北京的BNEF分析师Yvonne Liu表示，内蒙古计划在2017年到2020年新建4GW的光伏电站，采用新型地面式太阳能电池板。库布其光伏将在“一带一路”沿线发挥更多的作用，为人类解决荒漠化问题，为改善能源结构，为地球的空气更加清洁，为人类命运共同体的建设提供中国的解决方案。

我国水光互补技术取得突破性进展

我国水光互补技术取得突破性进展

http://www.workercn.cn    2018-03-23     来源：中工网--《工人日报》

 

中工网讯（中工网记者邢生祥通讯员石生斌 张青银） http://build.workercn.cn/26584/201803/23/180323073013027.shtml

近日，由国家电投集团黄河公司申报的《光伏电站与水电站联合运行系统及运行方法》发明专利获得国家知识产权局的正式批准，这标志着我国水光互补技术取得突破性进展，填补了国际大规模水光互补关键技术的空白，将为利用清洁能源采取多能源互补的模式提供技术支撑。

　　依托青海丰富的太阳能资源和得天独厚的水电资源，黄河公司开创性地建成850兆瓦龙羊峡水光互补光伏电站，并开展了大量基于解决光伏发电技术瓶颈的创新研究。该项技术以水电调节光伏发电稳定性的方式让光伏电力在进入电网前就达到稳定供电的上网条件，破解了光伏电站并网难的技术瓶颈，实现了水电与光伏发电的完美结合，技术水平国际领先。

　　据介绍，该项专利中描述了天气对光伏发电的影响规律，光伏电站与水电站联合运行系统对所述水电站的下游电站的发电和用水情况的影响，光伏电站与水电站联合运行系统的弃光情况、对其他新能源消纳及调峰能力的影响、对所述水电站所处流域的水量调度及其下游梯级水电站的发电影响等。

新一代有机太阳能电池的發現(轉載)

关于香港科技大学化学系副教授颜河（He Yan）报告会的通知

2017-06-27 

报告题目：廉價, 高效, 環保的新一代有机太阳能电池

Toward next-generation organic solar cells that are efficient, low-cost and environmentally friendly

报告时间：2017年6月28日(星期三)下午14:30
报告地点：环境资源楼学术报告厅
轉載自:  http://oic.ustc.edu.cn/index.php?c=content&a=show&id=524

顏教授本科畢業於北京大學，2004年於美國西北大學獲得博士學位。2012年加入科大之前，曾於著名有機電子公司Polyera Corporation領導一個科研團隊。

               顏河教授（中）的研究團隊              Source: http://www.ust.hk


报告摘要：形貌控制是制约有机太阳能电池发展的最大瓶颈。我们研发了一种可以形成理想的高分子-富勒烯膜形貌的方法，使得高分子在具有较高的结晶性同时还能保证较小的相分离尺度。通过这一方法，我们研发出超过十个材料体系，光电转换效率均超过10％，最高效率达到了11.7%，打破有机太阳能电池领域的世界纪录。同时，我们也发现一个基于非富勒烯受体的有机太阳能电池体系。这个体系的电荷分离驱动力基本为零，但电荷分离既快又高效。我们的非富勒烯体系首次获得了9.5%的光电转换效率和将近于90%的内量子转换效率，同时保持仅0.55V的电压损失。这一体系的实现说明有机太阳能电池最终有可能突破18－20％的效率，为有机太阳能电池领域的发展开创新篇章。

主办单位：化学与材料科学学院，国际合作与交流部（港澳台办）

世界最大集中式太阳能项目在迪拜破土动工

2018-03-22  美国商业资讯        轉載自:  https://www.china5e.com/news/news-1024202-1.html

阿联酋副总统兼总理和迪拜酋长Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum殿下为迪拜太阳能园区Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park第4期工程奠基。这是基于独立发电商(IPP)模式的全球最大的集中式太阳能(CSP)投资项目，单站发电量将达到700MW。它将拥有世界最高的260米太阳能塔，以及世界最大的热能储存能力。建成后将为27万住户提供清洁能源，每年可减少140万吨碳排放量。该项目将采用两种技术：一个600MW抛物面盆地综合体和一座超过43平方公里的100MW太阳能塔。该项目的投资额为142亿阿联酋迪拉姆，实现了每千瓦时7.3美分的最低平准化电力成本(LCOE)。

Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum殿下表示，发展阿联酋的基础设施是国家领导层的头等大事，对提高该国的全球竞争力至关重要。
迪拜电力和水务局(DEWA)董事总经理兼首席执行官Saeed Mohammed Al Tayer阁下表示，该项目按照Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum殿下的指示，可加快清洁和可再生能源项目的步伐，有助于在不依赖石油的经济中确保子孙后代的美好的未来和提升他们的生活质量。该项目也将帮助实现迪拜清洁能源战略2050，为迪拜提供75%的清洁能源总发电量。
ACWA Power主席Mohammad Abu Nayyan表示：“我们对自己在太阳能园区二期项目实现全球最低价格中所发挥的作用感到自豪。现在我们正通过建造世界最高的太阳塔和提供最大的存储容量推动全球CSP项目的降价，而不仅仅是创造一个前所未有的世界纪录。”
上海电气电站集团总裁曹敏表示：“我谨代表上海电气对此项目的动工表示热烈的祝贺。由上海电气作为EPC承包商实施的这个项目是迄今为止DEWA和ACWA Power共同开发的最大和最先进的CSP项目。”


轉載自:  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180320006214/en/Dubai-Breaks-Ground-World’s-Biggest-CSP-Project
DUBAI, United Arab Emirates--(BUSINESS WIRE)--HH Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, broke ground on the 4^th phase of the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park. This is the biggest Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) investment project in the world, based on the Independent Power Producer (IPP) model, and will generate 700MW on a single site. It will have the world’s tallest solar tower at 260 metres, and the largest thermal energy storage capacity in the world. It will provide clean energy to 270,000 residences, reducing 1.4 million tonnes of carbon emissions annually. The project will use two technologies: a 600MW parabolic basin complex and a 100MW solar tower, over 43 square kilometres. This project, with AED14.2 billion in investments, achieved the lowest Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of USD 7.3 cents per kW/h.

“On behalf of Shanghai Electric, I would like to express warm congratulations on the groundbreaking of this project, which is by far the largest and most advanced CSP project co-developed by DEWA and ACWA Power and implemented by Shanghai Electric as EPC contractor.”

HH Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum said that developing the UAE’s infrastructure is top priority for the leadership and vital to raising the country’s global competitiveness.

HE Saeed Mohammed Al Tayer, MD & CEO of Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) said that the project supports the directives of HH Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum to expedite the pace of clean and renewable energy projects to secure a happy future and enhance the quality of life for future generations in an economy that doesn’t rely on oil. This will also achieve the Dubai Clean Energy Strategy 2050 to provide 75% of Dubai's total power output from clean sources.

Mohammad Abu Nayyan, Chairman of ACWA Power, said, "We are proud of our role in obtaining the lowest price globally for the second phase of the solar park. Today we are driving price reduction for CSP projects globally, achieving more than just one unprecedented world record, by constructing the world's tallest solar tower and providing the highest storage capacity.”

Cao Min, President of Shanghai Electric, said, “On behalf of Shanghai Electric, I would like to express warm congratulations on the groundbreaking of this project, which is by far the largest and most advanced CSP project co-developed by DEWA and ACWA Power and implemented by Shanghai Electric as EPC contractor.”